Physiological Final Ch 5

Front 1

The ability of the brain to change its anatomy over time, within limits, is known as:

Back 1

plasticity

Front 2

Which of the following, if any, would be more damaging to an adult brain than to the brain of an infant or fetus?

Back 2

all of those are more damaging to an infant brain

Front 3

Which of the following aspects of brain and neural functioning can be most clearly altered by experience?

Back 3

structure of dendrites and axons

Front 4

Chemicals in the amphibian tectum guide the growth of axons from the retina to their correct location in the tectum by:

Back 4

using a chemical gradient

Front 5

The fluid-filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the:

Back 5

ventricular system

Front 6

Myelination in the human brain:

Back 6

continues well into the adult years

Front 7

Massive cell death in the brain during prenatal development is:

Back 7

normal

Front 8

Which of the following factors seems to be particularly important for branching of neurons during brain development?

Back 8

physical activity

Front 9

Necrosis:

Back 9

is cell death caused by a toxic substance

Front 10

Brain cells that are neither neurons nor glia, but which are capable of dividing and then differentiating into neurons or glia are called:

Back 10

stem cells

Front 11

Developing neurons need ____ for survival.

Back 11

neurotrophins and synaptic input

Front 12

If you cut the optic nerve of a newt, what happens?

Back 12

the fibers grow back and attach to their appropriate target resulting in normal vision

Front 13

After maturity, the apoptotic mechanisms become:

Back 13

dormant

Front 14

The stages of neurogenesis that occur for the longest duration are:

Back 14

myelination and synatogenesis

Front 15

Research in people over age 60 who were randomly assigned to experience 6 months of aerobic exercise showed:

Back 15

they developed greater thickness of the cortex

Front 16

Children of mothers who use cocaine during pregnancy:

Back 16

have a slightly lower IQ

Front 17

Whether or not a transplanted immature neuron adopts the properties of neurons in the new location or retains at least some properties of neurons from where it was taken from depends largely on how much the transplanted neuron has:

Back 17

differentiated

Front 18

What is the production of new neurons called?

Back 18

proliferation

Front 19

Varied environment with stimulation increases animals:

Back 19

branching of dendrites

Front 20

Which statement most accurately describes embryonic development of the nervous system in humans?

Back 20

far more neurons are developed than will actually survive

Front 21

How much alcohol, if any, can a pregnant woman drink without worrying about the negative effects on her child?

Back 21

unknown therefore abstention is recommended

Front 22

Competition of neurons for postsynaptic sites results in survival of only the most successful axons. This general principle is called:

Back 22

neural Darwinism

Front 23

The human central nervous system:

Back 23

begins to form when the human embryo is about 2 weeks old

Front 24

Which of the following best characterizes how axons arrive at the correct target cells?

Back 24

they follow chemical gradients from the target cell

Front 25

In humans, myelination first occurs in the:

Back 25

spinal cord

Front 26

In response to nervous system injury, neurotrophins:

Back 26

increase regrowth of damaged axons

Front 27

Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp", is caused by:

Back 27

extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers

Front 28

Which cells and/or cellular structures exhibit selectivity as axons form synapses with target cells?

Back 28

both axons and target cells

Front 29

Early in development, the nervous system begins as a:

Back 29

tube surrounded by a fluid filled cavity

Front 30

Apoptosis:

Back 30

a programmed mechanism of cell death

Front 31

The function of neurotrophins is to:

Back 31

promote the survival of axons

Front 32

As a rule, all vertebrate neurons develop during an embryological stage. Among the few types of neurons that can develop in adulthood are:

Back 32

olfactory receptors

Front 33

Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?

Back 33

if an axon has not made a connection by the appropriate age, it dies

Front 34

Some neurons die during development because:

Back 34

they fail to receive enough NGF

Front 35

Proliferation occurs:

Back 35

around the ventricles

Front 36

What is different about rats raised in an enriched environment in comparison to rats raised in an impoverished environment?

Back 36

improved learning performance

Front 37

The most likely explanation for the excess proliferation of neurons in early development is that it:

Back 37

compensates for connection errors

Front 38

The formation of a neuron’s distinctive shape occurs during the ____ stage of neurogenesis.

Back 38

differentiation

Front 39

The areas of the cortex used by expert video game players are most likely to ____ than the same cortical areas of those who don’t play video games.

Back 39

be thicker

Front 40

After cells have differentiated as neurons or glia, they:

Back 40

migrate

Front 41

Alcohol suppresses the release of ____, the brain’s main excitatory transmitter.

Back 41

glutamate

Front 42

What is signaled by nerve growth factor (NGF)?

Back 42

that a target cell has accepted an axon

Front 43

The formation of new synapses is called:

Back 43

synaptogenesis

Front 44

The final stage of neurodevelopment is called:

Back 44

synaptogenesis

Front 45

In development, neurotrophins ____. During adulthood, they ____.

Back 45

preserve neurons; increase neuronal branching

Front 46

When do the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord form?

Back 46

early in embryonic development

Front 47

Which of the following would most likely interfere with migration of neurons during development?

Back 47

altering the chemical paths

Front 48

Myelination is a process common to:

Back 48

some vertebrate axons

Front 49

New neurons have been found to grow in all of the following cases, except:

Back 49

spinal cord of mammals

Front 50

What modern day practice helps prevent an inadequate production of thyroid hormones?

Back 50

iodized salt

Front 51

After the migrating neuron reaches its destination, ____ begin to form.

Back 51

dendrites begin to form

Front 52

An iodine deficiency in the diet can lead to an inadequate production of thyroid hormones. What is the result if this occurs in an infant or developing fetus?

Back 52

mental retardation

Front 53

Stem cells are important for which of the following developmental processes?

Back 53

proliferation

Front 54

Children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are born with?

Back 54

fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 55

As the neural tube sinks under the surface of the skin, the forward end enlarges and differentiates into the:

Back 55

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

Front 56

The mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome probably relates to:

Back 56

apoptosis

Front 57

In infants, anesthetic drugs can increase:

Back 57

apoptosis

Front 58

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF):

Back 58

promotes survival and growth of the axon

Front 59

Brain studies of blind people suggest that they have greater attention to touch and auditory stimulation because:

Back 59

their visual cortex is used for touch and verbal tasks

Front 60

Children of mothers who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are at an increased risk of:

Back 60

Intellectual deficits

Front 61

What condition would be suspected if a young child shows decreased alertness, hyperactivity, mental retardation, motor problems, a heart defect, and abnormal facial features?

Back 61

fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 62

Cell adhesion molecules (related to the immunoglobulins) and chemokines play an important role in neural:

Back 62

migration

Front 63

What happened when Weiss grafted an extra leg onto a salamander adjacent to one of the hindlegs?

Back 63

branches of axons from the old leg attached to corresponding muscles in the new

Front 64

A cortical cell originally responded to stimulation of the middle finger. After amputation of that finger it begins responding to the second and fourth fingers. What most likely accounts for this?

Back 64

synaptic reorganization

Front 65

Penumbra, as related to stroke, refers to the:

Back 65

brain region that surrounds the immediate damage

Front 66

If findings from rat studies generalize to humans, then which of the following best describes how brain damage affects memory for a learned skill?

Back 66

the memory may be present but difficult to locate

Front 67

A continuing sensation of an amputated body part is called?

Back 67

phantom limb

Front 68

Which of following is not a cerebrovascular accident?

Back 68

penumbra

Front 69

Damage due to stroke caused by ischemia can be minimized by administering a drug which:

Back 69

breaks up blood clots

Front 70

Heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon is known as:

Back 70

denervation supersensitivty

Front 71

Supersensitivity results from a(n) ____ in the number of receptors and a(n) ____ in the effectiveness of those receptors.

Back 71

increase; increase

Front 72

One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to:

Back 72

have the amputee learn how to use an artificial limb

Front 73

After a cut through the spinal cord, axons grow back enough to restore functioning in certain ____ but not in ____.

Back 73

fish; mammals

Front 74

After damage to the visual cortex, a rat no longer approaches the white card it has been trained to approach. What is the evidence that the rat has not completely forgotten the task?

Back 74

it can relearn the task quicker than it can learn to approach the black card

Front 75

What is the term for the new branches that may form in uninjured axons after damage to surrounding axons?

Back 75

collateral sprouts

Front 76

What is one impediment to regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system?

Back 76

glia release chemicals that inhibit axon growth

Front 77

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:

Back 77

uninjured axons to form new branches

Front 78

Denervation supersensitivity and disuse supersensitivity are similar in that they both depend on:

Back 78

increased number and effectiveness of postsynaptic receptors

Front 79

Denervation supersensitivity takes place in:

Back 79

the postsynaptic membrane

Front 80

Diaschisis refers to the:

Back 80

decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged

Front 81

After a stroke, cells in the penumbra:

Back 81

may die days or weeks after a stroke

Front 82

What is one impediment to regeneration of axons in the mammalian central nervous system?

Back 82

large amount of scar tissue

Front 83

____ cells proliferate after a stroke.

Back 83

Glial

Front 84

A sharp blow to the head resulting from an assault or trauma that does not actually puncture the brain is called a:

Back 84

closed head injury

Front 85

Which axons will regenerate to a significant degree if cut or crushed?

Back 85

those in the peripheral nervous system but not in the central nervous system

Front 86

A damaged axon:

Back 86

can grow back under certain circumstances

Front 87

Suppose a finger is amputated. The part of the cerebral cortex that used to respond to that finger will:

Back 87

become responsive to other fingers or parts of the palm

Front 88

If some of the axons innervating a given cell are destroyed or if they become inactive, what compensatory process takes place in the remaining presynaptic cells?

Back 88

collateral sprouting

Front 89

After loss of sensory input from the a limb, the axons representing that limb degenerate and:

Back 89

leaves vacant synaptic sites at several levels of the CNS

Front 90

Sensations from phantom limbs:

Back 90

are a result of brain reorganization

Front 91

Researchers have tried using drugs that block apoptosis. Results have been:

Back 91

favorable in animal trials but difficult or impractical to apply to humans

Front 92

A stroke caused by an artery rupturing is also known as:

Back 92

hemorrhage

Front 93

Heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon is called:

Back 93

disuse supersensitivity

Front 94

What is one reason for gradual behavioral recovery from brain damage?

Back 94

postsynaptic cells deprived of input become supersensitive

Front 95

After ischemia, penumbra cells:

Back 95

lose much of their oxygen and glucose supplies

Front 96

Many neurons in ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes die due to:

Back 96

overstimulation (exocitotoxicity)

Front 97

Damage to some of the axons that innervate a given structure may give rise to:

Back 97

both collateral sprouting and denervation supersensitivity

Front 98

Edema means?

Back 98

swelling to the accumulation of fluids

Front 99

Which of the following treatments would be most likely to help a patient starting several days after a stroke?

Back 99

giving stimulant drugs along with physical therapy

Front 100

Closed head injury is:

Back 100

the most common form of brain damage in young adultd

Front 101

To date, the most effective laboratory method minimizing the damage resulting from stroke in nonhuman animals has been to:

Back 101

cool the brain

Front 102

Closed head injury results in damage partially because of:

Back 102

rotational forces that push the brain against the inside of the skull

Front 103

Which of the following is the most common cause of a stroke?

Back 103

ischemia from an obstruction of an artery

Front 104

Who is most likely to assess the abilities of someone who has recently had brain damage?

Back 104

neuropsychologist

Front 105

The area of the cortex that receives input from the face is adjacent to the area of the cortex that receives input from the hand. After amputation of the hand, it is possible that a phantom limb sensation will be felt whenever the:

Back 105

face is touched

Front 106

In research aimed at minimizing damage due to stroke, attempts to prevent overstimulation of cells have produced:

Back 106

disappointing results

Front 107

Tissue Plasminogen activator (tPA):

Back 107

is helpful in cases of ischemia.

Front 108

In dealing with brain-damaged patients, the usual goal is to:

Back 108

get the patients to make as much use as possible of the impaired systems.

Front 109

Although the following methods may or may not actually work, which method would theoretically be of potential benefit to stroke victims?

Back 109

blocking glutamate receptors

Front 110

A deafferented limb:

Back 110

has lost its sensory input

Front 111

A monkey with one deafferented limb:

Back 111

does not use it even though it can still control the muscles