Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Common ways of thinking about personality
|
-"Good" personality
-energy or liveliness |
|
|
Definition of Personality
|
-construct
-organized set of characteristics that influences thoughts, behaviours, motivations in a variety of situations -individual differences -consistency across situations |
|
|
Scientific Study of Personality
|
-inductive or deductive
-purpose is to develop and test theory |
|
|
Inductive Reasoning
|
something you see and build theory out of
|
|
|
Deductive Reasoning
|
start with theory and test out predictions of theory
|
|
|
Evaluating Personality Theories
|
-Comprehensiveness
-Parsimony -Precision -Testability -Empirically Validity |
|
|
Comprehensiveness
|
-what range of behaviours and situations does the theory cover?
|
|
|
Parsimony
|
is it simple, or does it contain too many unnecessary conditions?
|
|
|
Testability
|
can the constructs and the relationships between them be studied empirically?
|
|
|
Empirical Validity
|
is there data to support the theory?
|
|
|
The life of Sigmund Freud
|
-jewish
-really smart -cathartic method -resistance method -problems in childhood, sexual seduction theory -dreams |
|
|
Divisions of the Mind
|
-large area of unconscious
-large preconscious -Conscious smallest part |
|
|
Unconscious
|
-dark impulses
-motives -desires -things individuals would not be aware of -not talked about before Freud |
|
|
Preconscious
|
-stuff not fully aware of but can be called into consciousness with the right cues
|
|
|
Conscious
|
the stuff we are aware of
|
|
|
Driving Forces in Personality
|
-Eros
-Thanatos -human existence is a constant struggle between life and death instinct |
|
|
Eros
|
-the life instinct
-seeks to preserve life by satisfying basic human needs, hunger, thirst, sexual needs -energy = libido |
|
|
Thanatos
|
-the death instinct
-aggressive thoughts and actions -desire to return to inorganic state of peace |
|
|
Structure and Dynamic of the Psyche
|
-Tripartite model of the psyche
-Id -Ego -Super Ego |
|
|
Id
|
-the original and most primitive part of the personality
-maximize pleasure, reduce pain |
|
|
Ego
|
-realistic aspect of the personality
-satisfies demands of id and keeps it in check |
|
|
Super Ego
|
-internalization of society's values
-can be bad if too strict -consists of conscious and ego-ideal -conscious - learned by punishment -ego - ideal - learned by rewards -resists urges of the id |
|
|
Defence Mechanisms
|
-anxiety is caused by id-superego conflict
-unconscious aspect of the ego attempts to defend ego from this conflict |
|
|
Repression
|
impulse is prevented from reaching conscious
|
|
|
Suppression
|
consciously pushing unacceptable impulse down into the preconscious
|
|
|
Regression
|
changes to behaviours from earlier developmental period - mature to immature behaviour
|
|
|
Sublimation
|
transforming Id impulses into more acceptable ones - aggression --> work
|
|
|
Projection
|
ascribing undesirable impulses onto others
|
|
|
Reaction Formation
|
converting an unacceptable impulse into its opposite - man being nice to wife he hates
|
|
|
Rationalization
|
giving a "rational" explanation for a behaviour
|
|
|
Intellectualization
|
uncoupling thought and feeling - woman coming up with reasons for husbands death
|
|
|
Undoing
|
an act that attempts to nullify an action or thought
|
|
|
Denial
|
refusal to perceive an unpleasant event
|
|
|
Displacement
|
changing objects - bullying someone smaller because bullied by someone bigger
|
|
|
Compromise Formation
|
contradictory behaviours to gain satisfaction for undesirable impulse - back handed compliments
|
|
|
Theory of Psychosexual Development
|
-over the course of human development people pass through a series of stages
-stages are named for the body part that is the center of sexual pleasure -conflict or trauma at any stage results in fixation on this conflict |
|
|
Stages of Psychosexual Development
|
1. Oral
2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital |
|
|
Oral Stage
|
-infant practically all id
-pleasure sensations focus on mouth -oral receptive character - overly dependent on others, too trusting, demanding, not competent (too much) -oral aggressive character - envious, exploitive, manipulative (too withholding) |
|
|
Anal Stage
|
-ego processes being differentiated from the id
-pleasure centered around anus: retention or expulsions of feces -independence asserted in form of exerting control over bowel movements -anal character - obstinacy, orderliness, rigidity, frugality, independence -anal expulsive - opposite |
|
|
Phallic Stage
|
-pleasure centres on self-manipulation of genitals
-oedipal complex in males and penis envy in females -phallic character in males - reaction to castration fear - reckless and bold behaviours -phallic characters in females - continually striving for superiority over males |
|
|
Oedipal Complex
|
sexual desire for mother, fear father will cut off his penis
|
|
|
Penis Envy in Females
|
-envies penises and wants one of their own
-resents mother for bringing her into the world without one, love father because he has one |
|
|
Latency Stage
|
-nothing really happens
-sexual development at a standstill -persons characteristic ways of behaviours established |
|
|
Genital Stage
|
-must have sufficient libido to do well in work and love
-genital character - mature and capable of adult intimacy -goal is to mate with the opposite sex |
|
|
Carl Jung - life
|
-religious upbringing
-issues with women b/c of mother -religion - life has greater applications and mystery "your vision will become clear only when you look into your own heart. Who looks outside dreams" |
|
|
Jungs Break With Freud
|
-Jung disagreed that psychic energy was sexual in nature - thought of it as outcome of the conflict of forces in the personality
-Freud's theories were sexually based, and Jung's were spiritual -Freud was wrapped up in pathology of the human mind, Jung wanted to explore human aspirations, self realization, spirituality -Jung complained dreams were analyzed wrong by Freud |
|
|
Jungs Ego
|
-completely conscious
-contains all conscious thoughts, feelings, memories -unifying force in psyche, responsible for identity and continuity |
|
|
Jungs Unconscious
|
-personal unconscious
-collective unconscious |
|
|
personal unconscious
|
-Jungs Unconscious
-next to ego -forgotten memories, weak sensations |
|
|
Collective Unconscious
|
-Jungs Unconscious
-deeper in psyche -unconscious shared by human race -consists of instincts and themes called archetypes -archetypes exists in all cultures throughout history |
|
|
Unconscious archetypes
|
-concept of higher power, idea of second mother
-persona: mask we wear to manage our relationships with others -shadow: dark side of human nature, universal personification of evil -anima(w in m)/animus (m in w): opposite gender |
|
|
Jungs Theory of Psychological Type
|
-Introverted vs Extroverted
-Four Functions -Jungs Typology |
|
|
Introverted vs Extroverted
|
-Jung
-attitude = orientation toward the world -direction and source of energy, inward or outward |
|
|
Four Functions
|
function - way of dealing with the world, getting information and making decisions
-feeling, thinking, sensing, intuiting |
|
|
Physiological Types: Functions
|
-feeling - evaluationg good and bad based on feeling
-thinking - sizing up situation based on logic -sensing - initial experience with phenomenon -intuiting - hunches about a situation or problem -opposites - feeling vs thinking (rational) and sensing vs intuiting (irrational) |
|
|
Jungs Typology
|
-each attitude combines with each function to yield eight basic personality types
|
|
|
Alfred Adler - Life
|
-jewish
-death big thing - almost died, was sickly child and had brother die in bed next to him "hereditary and environment provides the bricks; the final form of the building is up to us" |
|
|
Adler key concepts
|
-teleological position
-feelings of inferiority |
|
|
Teleological position
|
behaviour guided by goals, not driven by unconscious mind, people have to have a purpose to live
|
|
|
Feelings of Inferiority
|
natural part of development, starts in childhood when we compare ourselves to adults, continues into adulthood when we discover limitations - try to overcompensate for our limitations
|
|
|
Adler and Birth Order
|
-order of birth in family has predictable effects on child's personality
-not order itself but effects and dynamics that happen because of it -first born gets most attention, benefits of teaching younger siblings -youngest is pampered, has fewer demands placed on him/her |
|
|
Erik Erikson - life
|
-took own last name
-got into psych because of Freud -eventually moved to the US |
|
|
Eriksons Basic Principles
|
-epigenetic principle
-psychosocial development -eight psychological struggles contribute to major aspects of personality. During each crisis the person can either successfully deal with the issue (positive resolution) or doesn't (negative outcome). -balance is key -growth of ego happens over life course -during each period of life people have a vulnerability for a specific psychological crisis or issue -all issues are present throughout life |
|
|
Erikson's Stages
|
-Trust vs Mistrust
-Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt -Initiative vs Guilt -Industry vs Inferiority -Identity vs Role confusion -Intimacy vs Isolation -Generativity vs Stagnation -Ego Integrity vs Despair |
|
|
Trust vs Mistrust
|
-birth to 12 months
-positive resolution = trust in people and environment - caretaker must provide comfort, minimal uncertainty, be reliable and loving -negative outcome = mistrust of people and the environment - if caretaker does not meet the needs, child becomes insecure and suspicious, if mistrust is severe, the child may become timid and withdrawn -character strength - hope -key is balance - too much trust is bad also |
|
|
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
|
-2 to 3 years
-positive resolution = independence, control over impulses -negative outcome = feeling of being controlled or lacking control -character strength = control -willpower - "the unbroken determinism to exercise free choice as well as self-restraint in spite of the..." |
|
|
Initiative vs Guilt
|
-4-5 years
-positive resolution = acting on desires in an appropriate way -negative outcome = guilt over acting on desires -character strength = purpose |
|
|
Industry vs Inferiority
|
-6-12
-positive resolution = confidence in the ability to learn and be productive -over reliance on industry can lead to work being only source of identity and worth -negative outcome = feeling of inferiority compared to peers, elders -character strength = competence |
|
|
Identity vs Role Confusion
|
-13-19
-positive = integrated consistent identity, personal histories and current trends affect identity problems -negative outcome = role confusion, development of a negative identity -overidentification with heroes, setting of absolute boundaries, adoption of simplistic ideologies, cliques -character strength = fidelity (to one self) |
|
|
James Marcia - four categories of adolescent identity
|
-identity achievement - person has spent time considering options made commitment
-identity forclosure - person has identity chosen for them by others -identity diffusion - person may or may not consider options, but does not make a commitment -moratorium - person has considered many options, has not made a commitment |
|
|
Ethnic Identity Development
|
-starts out as very diffuse, little interest
-moves to foreclosure, identity is based on views of authority figures -identity acheivement happens through individual exploration of relationship to ethnicity |
|
|
Intimacy vs Isolation
|
-20-24
-positive resolution = ability to establish close relationships -negative outcome = inability to share true intimacy -character strength = love -intimacy = fusing identity with another's without fear of losing self |
|
|
Generativity vs Stagnation
|
-25-64
-positive resolution = personal development and development of juniors, productivity and community involvment, feeling that ones efforts are valued -negative outcome = futility, feeling one is on "treadmill", feeling that life is meaningless -character strength = care |
|
|
Ego Integrity vs despair
|
-65- death
-positive resolution = looking back on life with satisfaction -negative outcome = looking back on life with regret and despair -character strength = wisdom |
|
|
Gordon Allport - Life
|
-trustful and affectionate family life
-hardworking childhood -met Freud |
|
|
Allports Trait Perspective
|
-traits
-trait approaches -common traits and trait continua |
|
|
Allport - Traits
|
-theoretical constructs describing basic dimensions of personality
-consistent patterns in the way that people think, act, feel, and that are fairly stable across time and situations |
|
|
Trait Approaches
|
-emphasize individual differences in these characteristics
-measure traits through tests, often self-report questionnaires |
|
|
Common traits and trait continua
|
-common traits shared by all
-behaviours can be represented on trait continuum - each person can be placed somewhere in the continuum -scores assumed to be normal distributed -ordering people along these dimensions is nomothetic approach used in most trait theories -approach compares many people along the same personality dimensions -ultimate goal is to determine number of traits needed to describe people |
|
|
Allports key ideas
|
-not interested in common traits
-he disagreed with theorists who asserted that one or a few instincts motivate all people (sexual drive, striving for superiority) -advocated idiographic approach - looking at unique qualities of each person -use of diaries, interviews, behavioural observations to assess personality |
|
|
Personality as per Allport
|
"personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment"
-body played a role in development in personality, some personality traits were inherited, born with them -each person based on his or her personality can adapt to the environment at the time, unique to that person |
|
|
Traits as per Allport
|
-internal structures that render many stimuli functionally equivalent and can guide equivalent forms of adaptive an expressive behaviour
-consistency in behaviour provides evidence of traits but inconsistency does not mean that trait doesn't exist. Situations also influence whether, where, and how traits are expressed -traits express what a person generally does across many situations |
|
|
Three Types of Traits
|
-Cardinal
-Central -Secondary |
|
|
Cardinal Traits
|
-single characteristic that directs most of person's activities
-greatly influences behaviour and is very pervasive |
|
|
Central Traits
|
-major characteristics of an individual
-usually number from 5 to 10 (honesty, sociality) -people tend to describe others at the central trait level |
|
|
Secondary Traits
|
-characteristics that affect behaviour in fewer situations and are less influential
-ex preferences for dark chocolate |
|
|
Concept of Self and Proprium (allport)
|
-self is not an entity but an experience
-development centers on the concept of self -proprium acquires different aspects as it develops (self identity, self esteem, self extension) -a great deal of modern research in clinical and social psychology focuses on the idea of self |
|
|
Functional Autonomy
|
-childhood behaviours can resemble adult behaviours but do not necessarily represent the same underlying motives
|
|
|
Study of Values (allport)
|
-looked at values as a guide to behaviour
-developed questionnaire to measure six values -Allport and Davis found that scores on a questionnaire taken during college were associated with occupations 25 years later |
|
|
Description of Allports Values and Careers
|
-theoretical values
-economic -aesthetic -social -political -religious |
|
|
Theoretical Values
|
-theoretical values - discovery of truth, rational, emperical, critical interests - professor, scientist
|
|
|
Economical Values
|
-pragmatic, useful, applied - professions in business
|
|
|
Aesthetic Values
|
-interests in artistic things, form, harmony and beauty - artist, photographer
|
|
|
Social Values
|
-altruism, kindness, interest in social problems and social policy - social work, other helping professions
|
|
|
Political Values
|
-power over others, dominance, influence, social recognition - politics, positions of authority
|
|
|
Religious Values
|
-harmony, unity, administering to others - clergy
|
|
|
Raymond Cattell - life
|
good childhood
|
|
|
Cattells Approach
|
-introduction from a wide range of data
-development of theoretical propositions -deduction of consequences for testing -three types of data: L data, Q data and T data |
|
|
L data
|
information about a persons life based on observations or records for the person's behaviour
|
|
|
Q data
|
obtained through self rating questionnaires
|
|
|
T data
|
based on structured observations; person doesnt know what aspect of his/her behaviour is being evaluated
|
|
|
Basic Stats
|
correlation = relationship between two variables
positive vs negative correlation, -1 to 1 |
|
|
Constitutional vs Environmental Mold Traits
|
-multiple abstract variance analysis (MAVA) method to tease out effects of heredity and learning on behaviour
-compare identical twins with fraternal twins raised together and apart |
|
|
Ability vs Temperment vs Dynamic Traits
|
Ability Traits - skill in dealing with complexity - intelligence - fluid and crystallized intelligence
Temperment - general traits that appear early - energy, moodiness, interest in others Dynamic Traits - motivations - ambition, competiveness |
|
|
Fluid Intelligence
|
ability to think and reason, independent of learning
|
|
|
Crystallized Intelligence
|
learnt through experience and education
|
|
|
Surface Traits
|
superficial traits
|
|
|
Source Traits
|
deeper more comprehensive traits identified through factor analysis
|
|
|
Second Order Factors
|
further factor analysis can be done to reduce Cattells 16 traits to a lower number
-Cattell called these "second order factors" or "global factors" -second order analysis often used in 3 or 5 second order factors |
|
|
Hans Eyesenck
|
-traits rooted in biology
-uses dimensions -3 factors -extraversion, neurotocism, psychotosism |
|
|
The Big Five Personality Factors
|
-extraversion (surgency and dominance)
-agreeableness (likeablity and love) -conscientiousness (task interest/work, impression management) -neuroticism (emotional, instability, affect) -openness to experience (culture, intellect) |
