Personality Psychology Chapter 7

Front 1

According to Cognitive Psychologists, what is at the CORE of personality?

Back 1

Perception and cognition.

How we see things and come to think of things influences our personalities.

Front 2

What is at the root of cognitive approaches?

Back 2

Darwin's law of evolution which showed the brain as influential to our behavior.

Front 3

What is at the root of cognitive approaches?

Back 3

Darwin's law of evolution which showed the brain as influential to our behavior.

Front 4

Cognitive theory suggests that our thought process can be changed by what three factors:

Back 4

-As an individual develops

-Situational circumstances

-by our culture

Front 5

WHAT IS THE CENTRAL TENET of GESTALT theory?

Back 5

HUMAN BEINGS SEEK MEANING IN THEIR ENVIRONMENTS.

Front 6

What do Gestaltists believe of complex stimuli?

Back 6

We take in complex sensations into a individually meaningful perception THAT IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF ITS PARTS.

Front 7

GESTALT THEORY CENTERS AROUND

Back 7

CONTEXT!

a person's perception is everything.

Front 8

Who was the father of social psychology and why are we studying him?

Back 8

Kurt Lewin for his Field Theory

Front 9

What is Lewin's "Life-space":

Back 9

the idea that all internal and external forces act on an individual and our retaliation to these forces is our outward behavior.

Front 10

What is lewin's definition of personality?

Back 10

Contemporaneous causation- momentary condition of the individual (VERY FLUID)

Front 11

What is Lewin's field dependence?

Back 11

The extent to which an individual is influenced by context.

Front 12

How is field dependence measured?

Back 12

Rod and frame test

- do you turn the rod to make it parallel or do you turn the whole frame including the rod.

Front 13

What are the results of the rod-frame test? Why are they important?

Back 13

Field-dependent vs independent

The results are reliable and consistent throughout lifetime.

Predicts many INTERPERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS.

Front 14

What INTERPERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS does the result of rod-field test predict?

Back 14

Children's play preferences
Socialization patterns
Career choices
Interpersonal distance
eye contact

Front 15

What gender differences and culture differences, if any do we see with field rod test results?

Back 15

Gender difference: females tend to be more field dependent

Culture differences:
Hunter-gatherer societies are more field independent (Eastern cultures= field dependent)

Front 16

Cognitive complexity

-what are the two levels of cognitive complexity

Back 16

High cognitive complexity- more comfortable with uncertainty.

Low cognitive complexity- view the world in simple absolute terms.

Front 17

What is the natural shift in cognitive complexity?

-what is the debate associated with cognitive complexity?

Back 17

A person usually tends to shift from low cognitive complexity to higher cognitive complexity as their age increases.

Whether or not this is really a personality characteristics since its shift is so predictable.

Front 18

What is categorization and who proposed it?

Back 18

Jean Piaget proposed categorization as the tendency to organize our experience by assigning the events, objects, and people we encounter into categories

Front 19

What did Jean Piaget mean when he said categorization is omnipresent and automatic?

Back 19

It always happens and does not require conscious effort.

Front 20

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a person's categorizations?

Back 20

Advantage:
-makes understanding complex stimuli easier and quicker by comparison to simpler scenarios.

Disadvantages:
-premature judgements
-feeds stereotypes
*recall people are more likely to see what they believe.

Front 21

How do we control our attention?

Back 21

We notice salient environmental features and combine these with our current goals to decide where to direct or attention

Front 22

What is ADHD?

Back 22

The inability to switch one's attention from one spatial location to another.

Front 23

What two things did Kelly believe about personality?

Back 23

-preception of the event is far more important than the event itself.

-present personality NEED NOT BE tied to his/her past.

Front 24

KELLY'S personal construct theory

-aka
-focus is on...

Back 24

People as scientists

Each of us tries to understand the world in our own ways. We construct our own versions of reality.

Front 25

What is the main goal of KELLY'S personal construct theory?

Back 25

To reduce uncertainty.

Front 26

According to the theory of personal constructs, what is personality?

Back 26

the collection of construct (mini-scientific theories) that allow us to deal with the world.

Front 27

How did kelly postulate we create our constructs? then what?

Back 27

Kelly believed we are free to create constructs but then we are controlled by them (as some are inflexible)

Front 28

What is Gardener's theory of multiple intelligences?

Back 28

Everyone has at least seven different intelligences.

we all vary in the amount of each

Skills are also included in intelligence.

Front 29

What are the seven intelligences and what do they mean?

Back 29

-Language
-logical-mathematical
-Spatial represenation
-Musical thinking
-Bodily-kinesthetic
-Understanding the self (intrinsic)
-Understanding others (extrinsic)

Front 30

Why does Gardner reject IQ tests?

Back 30

he believes they are too narrow for one they do not measure any social intelligence measures.

Front 31

What are explanatory types?What are the two types of explanatory types?

Back 31

A set of cognitive personality variables which exemplify an individual’s habitual way of interpreting events

Optimism and pessemism

Front 32

What is the result of execessive optimism? What is the result of defensive pessemism?

Back 32

excessive optimism may be detrimental to sucess (overlooking or downplaying legitimate problems)

Defensive pessemism- when the chance for failure is high, lowered expectations are adaptive (Self-handicapping)

Front 33

What do we expect on a graph plotting level of arousal vs. test performance?

Back 33

As arousal goes up, test performance seems to increase to a point where too much stress actually hinders performance.

Front 34

What is attributional style?

-example
-what are the two types?
-how does attribution style effect future behavior?

Back 34

locus of control.

INTERNAL- assigns causality to theindividual
EXTERNAL- assigns causality to an outside agent or force.

We are more likely to try when we assign an internal attribution style.

Front 35

What is attribution error?

Back 35

the tendancy to make internal attributions to our successes and other's failures, while making external attributions for others' successes and our failures.

Front 36

Repeated exposure to unavoidable punishment leads an organism to accept later punishment even when it is avoidable.

Back 36

learned helplessness

Front 37

Which psychologist believed that personality represents an interaction of the individual with his or her environment.

Back 37

Julian Rotter

Front 38

Rotter suggested a person's behavior is determined by what two factors?

Back 38

Outcome expectancy and reinforcement value

Front 39

A person's expectation that they will be rewarded for their behavior

Back 39

Outcome expectancy

Front 40

a VERY PERSONAL expectation of the reinforcement's value

Back 40

Reinforcement value

Front 41

the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur in a specific situation

Back 41

behavior potential

Front 42

expecting a certain reward to follow a behavior in a particular situation

Back 42

Specific expectancies

Front 43

expectancies that are related to a group of situations

Back 43

generalized expectancies

Front 44

When are each general expectancies and specific expectancies used?

Back 44

Generalized expectancies used in new situations.

Specific expectancies used in familiar situations.

Front 45

Who proposed the theory of locus of control?

Back 45

JULIAN ROTTER NOT gardner

Front 46

what is the healthiest combination of locus of control?

Back 46

To have internal locus of control for things for which we can control and have an external locus of control for things which we cannot control.

Front 47

What is ALBERT BANDURA's greatest contribution?

Back 47

Social modeling- Reinforcement does not influence learning, only performance.

Front 48

What study did Bandura perform to study social modeling?

Back 48

Bobo doll study- where adults acted aggressively toward a bobo doll in the presence of a child, when the children were alone, they MODELED the adults behavior.

Front 49

Bandura's study also confirmed which of Roter's theoris?

Back 49

behavior is dependent on outcome expectancy. The children did what they saw because they believed they would be rewarded for emulating the adults.

Front 50

What are the factors that influence social modeling?

-outcome expectancy
-characteristics of the model
-characteristics of the behavior
-Attributes of the observer

Back 50

outcome expectancy- more likely to intimate behaviors that they believe will lead to positive reinforcements.

Characteristics of the model- age, gender, status, competence and power all effect influence to imitate.

Characteristics of the behavior: Simple and salient behaviors are more likely imitated.

Attributes of the observer: hisotry of reinforcement, self-esteem, and physical ablity may influence what beahviors are emulated.

Front 51

What is self-efficacy? What is it NOT?

Back 51

NOT SELF ESTEEM- which is a more global

A belief abut how competently one will be able to perform a behavior in a PARTICULAR SITUATION!