Personality Psychology

Front 1

what is behaviorism?

Back 1

Behaviorism is the only valid way to know about somebody is to watch what he does.

Front 2

Goal of behaviorism is functional analysis. what is functional analysis?

Back 2

maps out exactly how behavior is a function of one's environmental situation.

Front 3

what two things do environment refer to?

Back 3

rewards and punishments in the physical and social world.

Front 4

Name 3 ideas that are fundamental to behaviorism.

Back 4

1. Empiricism
2. Associationism
3. Hedonism

Front 5

what is Empiricism?

Back 5

the idea that all knowledge comes from experience.

Front 6

What is Associationism?

Back 6

explains how learning happens. Claims that any 2 things become mentally associated as one, if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time.

Front 7

Hedonism:

Back 7

Motivation. People learn for two reasons: to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Front 8

what are 3 kinds of learning?

Back 8

Habituation
Classical(respondent) Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

Front 9

Habituation

Back 9

The decrease in responsiveness with our repeated exposure to something. This is the simplest kind of learning.

Front 10

Classical(respondent) conditioning

Back 10

an unconditioned response that is naturally elicited by one stimulus, becomes elicited by a new conditioned stimulus. Ex: Ring a bell then feed dog. dog salivate at bell sound, thinking it will get food soon.

Front 11

Operant conditioning:

Back 11

Organisms behavior is shaped by the effect of the behavior on the environment. ex: cat trapped in box, cat hits lever to open door. cat placed in box again, faster escape.

Front 12

What is the habit hierarchy?

Back 12

Its the behavior youre most likely to do at any given moment. and that behavior is at the top of your habit hierarchy. ranked from most to least probable.

Front 13

what is Primary drive?

Back 13

A drive that is innate to an organism. ex: food, water, physical comfort, avoidance of physical pain, sexual gratification.

Front 14

What is secondary drives?

Back 14

a drive that is learned through primary drives. ex: drives for love, prestige, money, power, and avoid fear n humiliation.

Front 15

What do reinforcements do to drives?

Back 15

reinforcements reduce drives. in order for a reward to be powerful, a primary or secondary drive has to be lessened.

Front 16

what is expectancy value?

Back 16

your expectations on reward and if you will take action to achieve it. Ex: if your chances are very slim at winning the lottery, you are less likely to buy a lotto ticket.

Front 17

What does the Cognitive-Affective Personality System(CAPS) model look at?

Back 17

looks at a specific persons variables and how it effects personality.

Front 18

The attempt to determine how behavior is connected to the environment is called ____.

Back 18

Functional analysis

Front 19

The philosophical belief called ____ claims that people learn in order to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Back 19

hedonism

Front 20

What is Priming?

Back 20

priming is the activation of an idea by repeatedly thinking about it. The usual result is that this idea comes to mind more quickly and easily in new situations.

Front 21

What is the idea of rejection sensitivity?

Back 21

the idea that people are aware of situations in which we might be rejected.

Front 22

What does perceptual defense do?

Back 22

it gives us the ability to screen out info that might make us anxious or uncomfortable.

Front 23

What are reflective determinants vs impulsive determinants?

Back 23

reflective is slow and rational while impulsive is fast and irrational.

Front 24

What does the Cognitive Experimental Self Theory (CEST) seek to explain?

Back 24

Seeks to explain unconscious processing and the seemingly irrational, emotion-driven sectors of the mind, we dont always react in rational and logical ways.

Front 25

Implicit goals vs explicit goals

Back 25

goals that people arent likely to realize they have vs goals ppl describe and talk about with other ppl.

Front 26

Short term goals vs long term goals

Back 26

LT help you choose wisely and organize ST goals. ST goals are needed for LT goals. Goals give you meaning and motivation to your life.

Front 27

Idiographic vs. Nomothetic goals

Back 27

Goals that are unique to a person vs essential motivations that everyone pursues.

Front 28

What does defensive pessimism do?

Back 28

it reduces anxiety by focusing on the worst outcome. Ex: expect failing an exam, so i can be pleasantly surprised when i dont fail!

Front 29

What are appraisal models?

Back 29

they are the stages of emotion. ex: if i win the lottery, i smile, scream, call my mom and tell her i won!

Front 30

What does the circumplex model assume?

Back 30

it assumes that all emotions vary along two dimensions.

Front 31

list Happiness' 3 components:

Back 31

Overall satisfaction with life.
satisfaction with how things are going in particular domains.(school, relationships)
and generally high levels of positive emotions and low negative emotions.

Front 32

What do Set-Point models determine?

Back 32

They determine the overall happiness of an individual, and is moderately stable over time. Ex: When a good or bad event happens, ppl temporarily feel better or worse, but over time drift back to built-in level of happiness.

Front 33

as a person becomes an expert in an area, he or she will ____ to help organize the information.

Back 33

use larger chunks

Front 34

Goals that are unique to the individuals pursuing them are called___.

Back 34

idiographic goals

Front 35

I vs Me:

Back 35

I is the mysterious soul that does the observing and describing and the Me is the collection of statements you can make about yourself.

Front 36

Individualist vs Collectivist selves:

Back 36

The self has an independent and separate existence Vs. the self is embedded in social relationships.

Front 37

Self-Knowledge can be Divided into 2 types: Declarative Knowledge and Procedural Knowledge

Back 37

Declarative knowledge is the facts and impressions that we consciously know and describe.
Procedural Knowledge is the knowledge expressed through actions and not words.

Front 38

what does the declarative self comprise of?

Back 38

Comprises all of the (conscious) knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits. self-esteem, self-schema, self-discrepancy, and self-efficacy

Front 39

What is procedural self? and what does it entitle

Back 39

patterns of behavior that are characteristic of individual. entitles: relational selves, implicit selves, and self-consciousness.

Front 40

What is the best way to raise self-esteem?

Back 40

provide individuals with opportunities for success.

Front 41

According to Self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between ought and actual selves?

Back 41

anxiety.

Front 42

According to self-discrepancy theory, what emotion arises from discrepancies between Ideal self and actual selves?

Back 42

Depression.