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271 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Nutrition is composed of 3 components...what are they?
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Food
Nutrient Function Disease |
What you eat...
It's purpose How it can help or hurt you |
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A nutrient's purpose is to provide _____. The unit this is measured in is the____.
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ENERGY
Kilocalorie |
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Define Kilocalorie
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Amount of heat needed to raise 1Kg of water 1 degree celsius
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Nutrients provide _____, ____, ______, _____, and ____ that the body CAN'T make at all or can not produce sufficent amounts.
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Protein
Fat Vitamins Minerals Water |
When you think of nutrients think FOOD. SO what does food break down to become? Food provides what 5 things to the body?
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How are Nutrients (food) classified?
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Kilocalorie Producing and Noncaloric
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What gives you energy and what doesn't
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Name the 4 Kilocalorie producing nutrients.
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Protein
Fat Carbohydrates Alcohol |
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Name the 3 Non caloric producing nutrients.
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Water
Minerals Vitamins |
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Energy is broken down in a process called metabolism (ability to digest). Products of protein, carbohydrates, fat, and alcohol generate energy when they are ____.
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Oxidized
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Energy can be used immediately or be stored as ___.
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ATP (adenosine tri phosphate)
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When ATP is needed it is _____ to form ADP+Pi.
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Hydrolyzed
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Add water to break bond
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When Fat is broken down (catbolized) what other 5 nutrients are needed to aid in its metabolism?
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Biotin
Copper Iron Mg *Thiamine is also important Potassium |
In alpha order
B,C,I,M,P |
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When proteins are broken(catabolized) down what other nutrient is needed for its metabolism.
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B6 (Pyridoxine)
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1 nutrient for PROTEIN
-Its a B vitamin This transaminates proteins |
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When Carbohydrates are broken down (catbolized) what 2 nutrients are needed.
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Mg
Phosphorus *Thaimine is also important |
2 nutrients for CARBOHYDRATES
-M,P |
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ALL nutrients need these 3 things to be metabolized
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FAD (Riboflavin)
Niacin (NAD) CoA (Pantothenic Acid) |
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What are the caloric values from the 4 nutrients?
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Carb and Proteins= 4
Alcohol= 7 Fat= 9 |
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What is the caloric value of cholesterol?
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0
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The more energy that you intake= the energy you are able to expend. What are the 3 ways the body expends its energy?
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Physical Activity
Resting Metabolic Rate Thermal Effect of Food |
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What is the RME?
-How much of the body's energy does it use each day? |
It is what keeps you lungs, hrt going. Your internal organs operating, brain functioning, and body warm.
The RME uses 2/3 the body's energy each day |
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How can one figure out there RME?
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Use the Harris-Benedict Formula
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What decreases someone's RME?
(2 things) |
Malnutrition- loss of muscle mass
Age |
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What increases your RME?
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Everything else...
Growth Preganacy Illness/Fever Excess Thyroid Hormone Increased Body Mass (higher proportion of muscle) |
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If one increases there activity level what happens to there RME?
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RME increases with an increase in activity level
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To GAIN weight you have to do what?
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Increase Energy Intake and/or
Decrease Energy Expenditure |
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What happens to your RME, TEF, and physical activity if you decrease your energy expenditure.
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They all decrease
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To lose weight you have to do what?
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Decrease Energy Intake and/or
Increase Energy Expenditure |
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What happens to your RME, TEF, and physical activity if you increase your energy expenditure?
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All increase
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Fat tissue is what % of the body?
Water is what % of the body? |
Fat tissue is 85% of body mass
Water is 15% of body mass |
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PROTEINS
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PROTEINS
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PROTEINS
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What is the amount of energy you get from proteins?
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4kcal/gram
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Where are proteins found structurally in the body?
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Collagen of the bone, teeth, and skin
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Skeleton
Dentition Botox |
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What types of hormones are protiens?
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Insulin
Thyroxine Growth Hormone |
Diabetes
Homeostasis Growth and Development |
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What type of enzymes are proteins?
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Amylase
Pepsin Lipase |
Mouth
Stomach Intestine |
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Name 3 Transport Proteins
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Lipoproteins
Transferrin Hemoglobin |
---
Fe Oxygen |
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Name 2 Antibodies that are protiens
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Interferon (Inf)
IgA |
Saliva Immunoglobulin |
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Name a binding protien
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Ferritin
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Fe
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How does protein act as a buffer in saliva
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Sialin (pH balance)
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What are the basic building blocks of protiens?
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Amino Acids
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What do all Amino acids have? (functional groups)
Why is this important? |
NH2
NH2 distinguishes it from proteins, carbs,fats, and alcohols. |
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How many AA exists?
How many are essential in adults? How many are essential in children? |
There are 20 AA
-About 8 are essential in adults -More are essential in children |
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What does it mean if an AA is considered non essential?
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The body can metabolize it from Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Name the 8 ESSENTIAL AA in adults?
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Isoleucine
Leucine Lysine Methonine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophane Valine |
Alpha order
I,L,L,M,P,T,T,V I Love Lucy MeeT The Parents V for vendetta |
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What are the 2 additional ESSENTIAL AA in children?
What are the 2 additional Essential AA for Premature Infants? |
Arginine
Histidine For Preme's Cysteine Tyrosine |
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What are the two forms that proteins are found in while in the blood?
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Dipeptides
Polypeptides |
2 or more
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How are AA joined together
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By peptide bonds
-Carboxyl group binding to an amino group of another AA. |
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What enzymes break down proteins (AA>peptide bonds)? Where are they located?
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Stomach(2)=
-Renin -Pepsin Pacrease (4)= -Trypsin -Chyromtrypsin -Elastase -Carboxypeptidase Intestinal Mucosa (2)= -Amino Peptidase -Dipeptidase |
2 in the stomach
4 from the pancrease 2 from the intestinal mucosa |
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Where are most proteins digested and absorbed?
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Digested in the Stomach= Little// Absorbed a little
Digested in the Intestine= A LOT!!// Absorbed a lot!! |
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Glucogenic AA lose ____ and through a series of rxn's become _____. Which will eventually enter the _____.
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Lose NH2 (amino group)
Become Pyruvate to go through TCA cycle |
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Ketogenic AA lose ____ and through a series of rxn's become a _____ which becomes a ___ and goes into ____ tissue.
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NH2 (amino group)
Fatty Acid Triglycerol Fat (Adipose Tissue) |
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In overnutrition, ___ is produced and ____ accumulate in adipose tissue.
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NH4
TG (triglycerols) |
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___ is the standard for complete protein amount (have all 8 essential aa).
-What foods have incomplete protein amount? |
Eggs have a complete amount
-Most animal sources do...except for gelatin and soy Plants proteins have and incomplete protein amount |
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FOR vegetarians
Grains are limited in ____. Peas/Beans are limited in ___. |
Grains has limited Lysine
Legumes have limited Methonine |
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FAT
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FAT
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FAT
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How much energy can you get from fat?
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9kcal/g
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Which FA MUST be obtained from diet?
Why is this important? |
Linoleic acid
-Importance: Component of CELL MEMBRANE and Maintains body temperature |
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What are the basic building blocks of Fats?
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Fatty Acid (FA)
-Carboxyl group (COOH) |
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FA are in what 2 forms?
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Saturated FA
Unsaturated FA |
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What is a Saturated FA?
Give an example. |
Each C atom has a MAX of 2 H attached to it...
Ex: Palmitic Acid, Palm and Coconut oil -NO double bonds |
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Monounsaturated FA (Fat) are described as what? Give an example.
Where can I find these FA's? |
Has 1 double bond
-can be is cis/trans orientation Ex: Oleic Acid Found in Olive Oil, Canola Oil, Peanuts, and Avocado's |
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Trans FA are described as what?
Why would you want a trans FA? Where are these mostly found Are these BAD or GOOD? |
Hydrogenated Unsaturated Fats.
Why?: Lengthens Shelf Life Found in Baked Goods BAD= Atherogenic(contribute to the collection of fat in blood vessels) |
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Polyunsaturated Fats are described as what?
Give one example. ___ FA aids in the function of nerve and brain tissue development. ___is a good source _____ are necessary for growth. Found in ____. |
Has more that one double bond in chain
Ex: Linolenic Acid (Must obtain from diet) Brain and Nerve: Omega-3-FA;Fish Growth: Omega-6-FA;Vegtable Oils |
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Why Linolenic Acid an essential fatty acid.
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Precursor to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
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Dietary Fats are in the form of ____. These are composed of a____ and 3____.
What enzymes (2) do we have that break the FA from the glycerol? |
TG
-glycerol + 3 FA's Enzymes(2): Gastric and Intestinal Lipase |
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Choleserol is only associated with foods that are high in _____fat.
Sterol is used as a _____ covering nerve tissue, precursor of ____ and _____. Can the body make all the cholesterol it needs? |
SATURATED (no double bonds)
Component of cell membranes, Precursor of steroid hormones and Vitamin D Yes the body can make all the cholesterol it needs |
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____produces cholesterol.
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Pantothenic Acid (CoA)
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Where is fat digested and absorbed the most?
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Little in the Stomach
Most in the Sm. Intestine |
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What reduces cholesterol levels?
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Fiber
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Keeps you regular (Wink..wink)
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A TG is 3 FA and glycerol.
-What happens to the glycerol and FA when metabolized. |
FA is converted to acetate which is then modified to Acetyl CoA via the addition of CoA and enters the TCA cycle
Glycerol is converted into pyruvate and goes into TCA cycle |
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What happens if you have too much fat (overnutrition)?
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Body uses acetic acid instead of acetate
FA are converted into TG and TG goes into adipose tissue |
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CARBS
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CARBS
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CARBS
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What are the building blocks of carbs? Give an example?
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Monosaccharides
Ex:Glucose This is the preferred source for cells -Others include Fructose, Galatose, and Mannose |
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How much energy can you get from carbs?
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4kcal/gram
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Carbs provide the basic chemical structure for ___ production.
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Non essential AA production
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Name 3 Disaccharides?
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Sucrose= Glucose + Fructose
Lactose= Glucose + Galactose Maltose= Glucose + Glucose |
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What enzymes break disacarides into monosaccharides?
Saliva(1) Duodenum(1) Intestinal Cells(4) |
Saliva: Alpha Amylase
Duodenum: Pancreatic Amylase Intestinal Cells: Sucrase, Lactase, Maltase, Isomaltase |
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Name a nondigestible carbohydrate.
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Fiber
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Define a polysaccharide
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Complex carbohydrate with more than 6 monosaccharides
-Usually all glucose |
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Name 3 digestible polysaccharides
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Starch
Glycogen Dextrin |
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Name 4 nondigestible carbohydrate
Why is it non digestible |
Cellulose (identical to starch)
Fiber Pectin Hemicellulose B/c humans can only digest alpha bonds. Animals have cellulase which splts beta bonds |
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Where are carbohydrates mostly digested and absorbed
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Mouth:Digestion
-Starch>>Dextrins Stomach: NONE Small Intestine: Most Digested here ALL are absorbed here |
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State the metabolism of carbohydrates
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Monosaccharide>>>Pyruvate>>>Acetate>>>>Acetyl CoA>>>TCA cycle
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State how the metabolism of a carbohydrate changes in overnutrition.(3 scenarios)
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Some Monosaccharides get stored as glycogen in the liver
Some go into the TCA cycle Some go from acetyl coA and become FA which get converted into TG and stored in adipose tisse |
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Define Cariogenic potential.
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The ability of food to cause plaque to drop below a pH of 5
Root surfaces only need a pH of 6.7 to be cariogenic |
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1)Cariogenic potential is related to the proportion of _____ in food.If 15% or more of the weight of your food is simple sugars, food is high in sugar.
2)Cariogenic potential is also related to ____ in contact with tooth. The sticker the food the more likely it will stay on the tooth. More snacks also leads to a higher caries incidence |
Simple sugars
Time |
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What other nutrients can you eat at the same time that are protective factors in relation to cariogenic potential.
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Ca
Phosphorus Fluoride Protein Fat |
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____ clears food and neutralizes acids.
-Medications and age affect its output. |
Saliva
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Name 5 Non nutritive sweeteners (0 in calories)
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Aspartame (Nutrasweet//Equal)
Saccharine (Sweet and Low) Sorbitol, Mannitol, Xylitol Ace K (Sunett) Suralose (Splenda) |
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Aspartame is a dipeptide ester of ____ and ____.
It is ___X sweeter than sucrose. T/F: Aspartame is associated with caries. Should anyone not eat aspartame sweeteners? |
Aspartic Acid
Phenylalanine 200 F: Aspartame is NOT associated with caries. It actually prohibits the growth of S. Mutans People with PKU (phenylketonuria) |
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Saccharine (Sweet and Low) is an ____ compound used mainly in the form of sodium salt.
Sweeter than aspartame but taste ___ at concentrations above .01%. |
Organic
Bitter |
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Sorbitol, Mannitol, and Xylitol are sugar_____ .
Xylitol is NOT associated with caries b/c _____ cant utilize it. Frequent use of sorbitol and mannitol can ____caries in xerostomic pts BUT not as much as natural sugars |
Sugar Alcohols
S.Mutans Increase |
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Ace-K is used in baked goods b/c of what characteristic?
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It retains its sweetness when heated
*200X sweeter than regular sugar |
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Cyclamates were banned in the US b/c of suspicious that it caused ____ in humans
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Cancer
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Alcohol
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Alcohol
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Alcohol
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How much energy do you get from alcohol.
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7kcal/g
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How is alcohol produced by ___ of carbohydrates.
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Fermentation
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Alcohol is digested and absorbed where?
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Alcohol IS NOT DIGESTED it is absorbed in the stomach mostly and a small amount in the small intestine.
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What is the metabolism of alchol?
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Alcohol (ethanol) is converted into acetylaldehyde (TOXIC) into acetic acid and then into Acetyl CoA>>>TCA cycle
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_____ clears alcohol from the bloodstream by utilizing NAD and NADP as electron acceptors
How do people develop tolerance. |
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Tolerance to alcohol is obtained when a person consumes excess alcohol and NAD/NADP is unable to keep up (they are not recycled fast enough) and alcohol levels build up. |
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Are there any oral effects due to alcohol use.
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Not well known, although one study suggested that PDD was associated with moderate drinking (b/c drinkers often smoke too)
-gingival bleeding -attatchment loss -caries (due to reduced salivary flow and neglect in oral hygiene) -enamel erosion (GERD) -Glossitis and Angular Chelosis b/c vitamin deficiences b/c alcohol replaces food |
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Smoking and drinking are _____ risk factors for oral cancer that produce an ____ effect when combined.
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Independent; Additive
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Are there any surgical complications associated with alcohol use
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Yes;
1)with liver disease>>>unable to make clotting factors>>>excessive bleeding 2) Vitamin deficiences |
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What is the main reason alcoholics are at high risk for oral cancers?
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Because Acetylaldehyde is a CARCINOGEN (TOXIC to tissues....oh my
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CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
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CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
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CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS
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How are vitamins classified (2 groups)
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Fat soluble
Water soluble |
Fat floats
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Name the 4 Fat Soluble vitamins.
What is needed to absorb these vitamins? Where are these vitamins stored? Are any of these vitamins toxic? -What is the onset of disease due to deficiencies. |
A
D E K Fat is needed to absorb these vitamins Stored in fat tissue Toxic? Yes esp D and A -take forever (months to years for a deficiencies |
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Which vitamins are Water soluble vitamins (9)?
Storage is limited in the body for these vitamins BUT they are not____@ high levels. Deficiency onset? |
Vitamin C
Thiamin Riboflavin (FAD) Niacin (NAD) B6 (Pyridoxine) B12 Folic Acid Biotin Pantothenic Acid (CoA) TOXIC Deficiencies develop rapidly weeks to months |
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What is Vit A role in night vision....
Retinol in the blood combines with ____to for _____. This combines with opsin to form_____. |
Retinol combines with O2 to form retinaldehyde. Retinaldehyde combines with opsin to for rhodopsin. Rhodopsin is in the rods of the retina
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_____ and ____ are components of the macular pigment in the eye.
Why the heck is this important? |
Lutein and Zeaxanthin
Importance: L and Z in low levels increase the risk of macular degeneration |
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How can you tell if a pt is deficient if vit A?
Wound Healing? Oral Mucosa? Taste? Salivary Flow? Enamel? |
Impaired Wound Healing
Shedding of oral mucosa (desquamation) Decreased Taste Sensitivity Xerostomia due to atrophy of salivary glands Arrested enamel development |
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What is Bitot's Spot and how does it relate to vit A?
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Bitot's Spot is a spot on the cornea and is seen in vit A deficiency.
It is due to dryness of the cornea |
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Deficiency in mucous secretion lead to drying of the _____ and enhanced keratin synthesis. this is know clinically as _____.
Progressive keratinization of the cornea is known clinically as____. |
Epithelial
Follicular Hyperkeratosis:rough skin Xeropthalamia |
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Is Retinol toxicity common?
If alot of B-carotene intake,...what happens to skin and mucous tissues? |
NO
But it has been seen. Teratogenic effects in pregnacy leading to developmental abnormalities B-carotene excess leads to yellow skin and mucous membranes |
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Vitamin E (tocopherols)is an antioxidant like vit A.
____ is the most common acitve form. Major sources of vit E are in seed oils, dark leafy vegetables and ____. |
Alpha tocopherol is the most active form
Liver (yuck) has vit E |
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Signs that someone is def in vit E.
-RBC's? -Rare in humans except _____ and _____ disease |
Hemolysis of RBC
Premature Infants;Fat Malabsorption disease (cystic fibrosis and obstruction of bile duct) |
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Taste Lectures
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Taste Lectures
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Taste Lectures
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Name the 4 cell types in the taste bud
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Basal Cell
Merkel Like Cell Dark Cell Light Cells |
Dark Basal
Miller Light |
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What are the 5 categories of taste
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Sweet
Sour Salty Bitter Umami |
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Give 2 examples in the sweet category
Sweet taste sensation is on the anterior part of tongue |
Sweet= Carbohydrates (glucose, surcrose) and AA (aspartame)
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Define Sour
Sour taste sensation is on the lateral part of tongue |
Acids and low pH
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Define Salty. Give 2 examples.
Salty is on the anterio/lateral part of tongue |
Monovalent Cations
-Sodium and Potassium |
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T or F: Many chemicals are bitter. Some of these are even toxic
Bitter taste sensation is at the back of tongue |
T
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Where are taste receptors located?
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On cell surface of taste cells
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What catalyzes the conversion from ATP to cAMP
-Why is this important? |
Adenylate Cyclase
Importance: Adenylate Cyclase and cAMP increase in epithelial cells after tasting sweet substances |
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What compound competively inhibits sweet taste sensation.
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4,6 Dichloro 4,6 dideoxy- alpha D galactosepyranoside
What de he***! |
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What else happens when sweet senstion is distrubed by a competive inhibitor (2 things)
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K channels close
Action potentials occur |
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cAMP increases depend of ___ receptors.
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G Protein coupled receptors
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The term G protein refers to bound ___ (inactive)or unbound ____ active
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GDP= INACTIVE= BOUND
GTP= ACTIVE= UNBOUND |
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Receptor proteins and G proteins are separate,but work together. T or F.
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T
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Stopped Taste..Started Kralle Lect 2
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Kralle Lect 2
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Krall Lecture 2
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Vit D is a _____ that regulates serum ___ levels.
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Vit D is a HORMONE that regulates serum Ca levels.
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How does Vit D regulate serum Ca levles (3 ways)
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Increases Intestinal Absorption of Ca
Decreases Ca+ loss from kidney Mobilizes Ca+ from bone |
Intestine
Kidney Bone |
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Name the 2 forms of vit D.
-Which is the major form? -Does the form come from animal or plant sources? -Which is formed in the skin |
Cholecalciferol (d3)
-major form -food is from animal sources -formed in skin from Ergocalciferol (d2) -food is from plant sources |
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Cholecalciferol can be formed in the skin from _____ when exposed to UV radiation.
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7dehydrocholesterol
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Vitamin D3 is converted in the liver to 25 OH D by _____.
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25 hydroxylase converts vit d3 to 25(OH)VitD
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25(OH)D3 is converted to 1,25 (OH)2D in the ____ by what enzyme.
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Kidney
1 alpha hydroxylase |
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After leaving the kidney 25(OH)2D goes to what 3 places
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Intestine
Bone Parathyroid Gland |
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25 hydroxy vit D and 1,25 hydroxy vit D. Identify there characteristics.
-Biologically Active Form -Major form in the blood -Used to determine vit D status -Conversion occurs mainly in the kidney Binds to receptors on intestinal,parathyroid, osteoblast, renal cells, and many other cells |
Biologically Active Form= 1,25 vit D
Major form in the blood= 25 OH D 3 Determines Vit D status= 25 OH D3 -range is greater than 10ng/ml Conversion occurs mainly in the kidney= 1,25 OHD3 Binds to receptors in intestinal,parathyroid, osteoblast, renal cells, and other cells= 1,25 OH D3 |
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T or F: season, latitude, age and sunscreen all affect vit D production.
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T
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Most vit D is produced in the skin in the ____ season.
Most vit D is produced between the ages of ___-_____ |
Summer Season
10-60 years |
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Vit D deficiency in children is clinically called____. These children will have enamel____,delayed _____, and ______ of developing tooth
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Rickets
-Enamel HYPOplasia -Delayed tooth eruption -HYPOmineralization of developing tooth |
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Adults with vit D deficiency are said to have ____clinically.
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Osteomalcia
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Awarness about vit D and fortification of ____ has largely eliminated rickets
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MILK
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Vit D toxicity leads to ____ and elevated levels of ____ in tissue.
Loss of ____ and nausea. Failure to thrive in infants. |
Hypercalcemia
Elevated Ca levels Loss of appetite and nausea *cant overdose on vit d due to sunlight |
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Name sources of vit D
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Milk
Egg Yolk Fish oils Chocolate (oh la la) |
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what is the recommended exposure time in sunlight per week
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15 min 2-3x a wk
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Major food source for vit D is____.
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Green Leafy Vegetables
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Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of ____ and other clotting factors.
Vit K is also responsible for the synthesis of ____ proteins which are components of protein matrix of bone. An example of this type of protein is ____. Major food source for vit K is ____. _____ also synthesize vit K |
Prothrombin
Gla-Proteins (Osteocalcin) Green Leafy Vegetables Intestinal Bacteria |
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) aids in the synthesis of ___.
Vit C is an ____. Vit C aid in the absorption of ___ from intestinal tract and its metabolism |
Synthesis of collagen
Antioxidant Absorption of Fe form intestinal tract. |
C is for ____.
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If someone is deficient in Vit C they will have what signs and symptoms?
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Impaired Wound Healing
Blood vessel Fragility-Petechiae Scurvy- Swollen bleeding gingiva Increase in candiadiasis |
Wound Healing
Blood vessels Gingiva Candidiasis |
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Where can one get Vit C
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Fruits and vegetables
-raw better Fortified juices//cerels |
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Thiamin is important component of coenzymes___ (removes CO2 from pyruvate so it can enter TCA cycle)and ____ (removes CO2 form an intermediate in TCA cyle)which is necessary for the metabolism of ____ and ____.
Thiamin is also need to activate an enzyme for ___ synthesis. Major food source of Thiamin |
TPP (pyruvate)
TDP (int in TCA cycle) Carbs and Fat Activates enzyme in ribose synthesis Grains, Meat, Fish , Poultry |
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Riboflavin is a component of coenzyme _____ and _____ (which are involved in the electron transport system of energy production)
Riboflavin also activates enzyme need for ___ synthesis. Major sources of Riboflavin |
FMN
FAD Involved in AA synthesis Meat, Fish, Poultry and Grains (same for thiamin but + meat) |
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Niacin is a component of ___ and ____ which are involed in the electron transport system of energy production
Body can make Niacin from AA ____. Major source of Niacine is in what foods |
NAD
NADP Tryptophan can make Niacin Liver (yuck), poultry, peanuts, legumes *Can get tryptophan from all these sources + cheese |
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Cobalamin (vit b12) is a coenzyme for ___ and ___ for the synthesis of DNA.
Found in foods |
Purine
Pyrimidine Meat, Liver (yuck), milk, eggs, breakfast cereals |
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B6 (Pyridoxine)is a component of ____which is a coenzyme in MANY rxns.
-AA? -Converts tryptophane into ___. -Breaks down ___. Synthesis of ___ precursors, ___ and ____. Major sources meat, liver, whole grains and legumes |
Transamination
tryptophane>>>Niacine Glycogen Syntheisis of Nucleic Acid Precursors,hemoglobin and NT |
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Besides B12, ___ is also involed in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine synthesis.
Conversion of ___ to AA ___ (also vit B12) |
Folacin
Homecysteine>>>Methionine |
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Pantothenic Acid (CoA) is used in the ____cycle from calorie producing nutrients.
Syntheis of _____, _____, _____hormones, and some _____. Major food sources are ____, _____,_____, and ____. |
Hemoglobin
Cholesterol Steroid Hormones SOME AA Food Sources= liver, eggs whole grains and legumes |
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____ is used to transfer carboxyl groups necessary in metabolic rxns.
Like B12 and Folacin ____ is involved in ___ synthesis. _____ is involved with the synthesis and oxidation of _____. Oxidation of _____. Major food sources Liver, egg yolk, nuts and legumes ____ can also produce ___. |
Biotin
Biotin;Purine Synthesis Biotin;Synthesis and oxidation of FA; Oxidation of carbohydrates Intestinal Bacteria can also produce Biotin (like vit K) |
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Name the Macronutrients Minerals (6)
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Magnesium
Sodium Chlorine Calcium Phosphorus Potassium |
Many Say, Chlorine in Cali
Posses Problems |
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Name the Trace Minerals (7)
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Copper
Fluoride Iron Iodine Maganese Selinium Zinc |
All the other minerals not in the mneumonic Many Say Chlorine in Cali posses problems
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What are the functions of Ca?
Mineralization? Blood? Muscles? -Impulses? Catalyst? Tooth Developement? |
Mineralization of Bones and teeth
-Hydroxyappetite (98% of Ca in bones//teeth) Blood Coagulation Muscle Contraction -nerve impulses Catalyst for Lipase Tooth development in infancy |
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Most ca comes from dietary products T/F?
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T
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If one does notmaintaind Ca Homeostasis Ca will be taken from resevoir, T or F?
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T
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If there is a decrease in serum Ca _____ will increase in blood. This causes intestinal absorption of ca,ca reabsorption in kidney, ca and phophorus release from bone and increase in 1,25 vitd
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PTH
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If serum ca is elevated PTH will ____ and ca will be excreted in kidney, intestinal absorption will stop, ca and phosphorus will be deposited into bone and the 1,25 (OH)2 level will decrease.
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Decrease
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Ca will NOT be absorbed if dietary ca intake is less than ____b/c the body uses 200 mg per day.
You must consume a minimum of ____mg of ca/day to cover loss of ca per day |
200 mg
400 minimum intake of ca per day |
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What enhances the absorption of Ca
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Increases in 1,25 (OH)2 via PTH
Growth Pregnancy and Lactation Primary Hyperparathyroidism (increase in PTH) |
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What decrease Ca absorption.
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Decrease in 1,25 (OH)D
-due to vit D deficiency (rickets/osteomalacia) -chronic kidney disease (1 alpha hydroxylase problems) -Hypoparathyroidism (low PTH levels) Glucocorticoids Malabsorption disease Other components of diet -fiber, phytic acid, oxalic acid |
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Signs of Ca deficiency:
Long Term is _____ and in children you will note _____ and _______. |
Long Term: Osteoporosis
Children will have delayed tooth eruption and HYPOmineralization of teeth |
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Phosphorus is a major component of ____. It is also involved in energy production and storage in the body. It is a component of most ____, a ____ for acid base rxn's and found in meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, nuts, legumes, and whole grains.
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Hydroxyappetite
Component of most enzymes Buffer in Acid Base Rxns |
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Fluoride replaces ___ group in hydroxyapatite crystals. This makes them more resistant to demineralization and enhances remineralization. Fl in saliva inhibits the growth of ___ in plaque
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OH group replaced by Fl
Inhibits growth of S. Mutans in plaque |
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Fl deficiency leads to ____ BUT Fl excess leads to ____ enamel.
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Def: Dental caries
Excess: Mottled Enamel/Brown Staining |
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What in the heck is Anthropometry?
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Data about your height, weight, body fat estimation
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Defintions of Overweight and Obesity based on Body Mass Index (BMI)
Ideal Weight has a BMI between ____ and less than ___. Overweight has BMI between ___ and less than ____. Obeses has a BMI of ___+ |
Ideal= BMI 18.5-less than 25
33% of US Overweight= BMI 25-less than 30 *35% of US Obese= 30+ *27% of US |
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BMI= Weight in ___/Height in ___
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Weight in kg
Height in meters |
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Hight BMI increase risk of death from ____, ____ and other diseases,
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Cardiovascular Disease
Cancer |
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If you are moderately overweight you decrease your life expectancy by ____ to ___years.
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Mod overweight= decreases life expectancy by 2-5 years
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If you are severly overweight you decrease your life expectancy by ___ years
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13 years
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The waist can be a measurement of weight.
Men over a ___ inch waist are overweight Women over a ___ inch waist are overweight. |
Men= >40 inches= overweight
Women=> 35 inches=overweight |
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T/F: Levels in the Blood and Urine can measure nutrients, metabolites, transport proteins, and enzymes?
T/F: Levels of some nutrients reflect only recent intakes. |
T;T
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Name the B family nutrients
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Thiamin (TDP, TPP)
Niacin (NAD, NADP) Riboflavin (FAD,FMN) B12 (coblamin) B6 (pyridoxine) |
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What happens if you have a vit B deficiency?
Def in Niacin= Def in Riboflavin= Other signs include: Tongue (5)? Dermatitis other places? |
Def in Niacin= Dermatitis on face and neck
Def in Riboflavin= Cheilosis (lips) and Angular Stomatitis Other signs include: Burning Tongue,Tongue Fissures, Papillary atrophy on tongue,glossitis, abnormal tongue color (magenta/scarlet) Dermatitis on nose lips and other areas exposed to sun |
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Vit A deficiency upon clinical examination displays:
Skin? Healing? Saliva? Cornea? |
Vit A Def:
-Rough Skin (keratinized) -Impaired wound healing -Xerostomic -Bitot's Spot on cornea (dry cornea) |
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Excess vit A clinically is seen in ____ and presents:
Skin? |
Anorexia
Yellow Skin//Mucosa due to B-carotene |
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Vit C deficiency will present with:
Skin? Gums? Healing? |
Petechiae
Scurvy-gums bleed Delayed Wound healing |
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Vit D def will present:
In Children -legs? -ribs? -muscles? Signs of excess vit D include -Pain in ___ and ____. -Nausea -Anorexia |
Vit D def in children
-bowed legs -rachitic ribs -weak muscles Excess= Pain in bones and joints |
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Fe deficiency will present:
_____ and pale____ and _____. |
Angular cheilosis
Pale Lips and oral mucosa |
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Zn deficiency will lead to a loss or distortion of ___ and ____. Also delayed ____.
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Zn deficiency will have loss or distorted sense of taste and smell ; delayed wound healing
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The essential FA _____ when deficient will present with ____ skin.
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Linoleic Acid
-Keratinized Rough Skin |
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What is the difference between food frequency questionaires and food collection analysis.
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Questionaire= good for measuring long term diet, overestimates nutrients, NOT good for calories
Analysis= expensive, high compliance, good for measuring trace nutrients |
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Uncontrolled growth from cells derived from normal tissue.
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Cancer
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What are the most common types of cancer
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Skin
Lung Breast Colon Prostate |
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What are the major contributing factors to cancer
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Environment and Genetics
Most common diseases have a genetic component |
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What is a minor contributing factor to cancerq
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Nutrition
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What nutrients are involved in DNA repair process
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Folic Acid
Vit B12 |
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What nutrient allows for cells with abnormal DNA to proliferate
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Carotene
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What nutrients inactivate carcinogens
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Fiber
Vit C, E, A Selenium Lycopene |
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Excess ____ increases carcinogen process
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Alcohol
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Not enough fruits and vegetables in your diet can increase your risk of which 5 cancers.
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Oral
Lung Bladder Breast Skin |
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Lots of fatty food in your diet will increase your risk of 3 cancers
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Colon
Breast Prostate |
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Diet high in salt and nitrates (smoked//cured foods) increase your risk of what 2 cancers.
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Oral
Stomach |
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High Alcohol intake increase your risk of what cancer.
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Oral
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It is not Liver cancer
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Name 6 antioxidants
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Vit C
Retinol Lycopene Carotene Selenium Vit E (nuts and oils) |
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Name 2 E that detoxify carcinogens
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Isothiocynates (broccoli, cabbage, brussel sprouts)
Allium (onions/garlic) |
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What anticarcinogenic nutrient alters estrogen metabolism
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Isoflavones (soybeans)
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Decreasing contact with the tissues in the colon shortens transit time and decreases the risk of colon cancer. This is made possible by which nutrient?
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Fiber
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Why are antioxidants good?
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Bind to O2 not letting them contact free radicals
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_____ mimic estrogens
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Soy beans
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Oral cancers are ____ and have a high/low survival rate.
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Squamous cell carcinomas
Low survival rate |
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You see a patient with:
-sores that bleed easily and dont heal readily -persistent red and white patches and -has difficulty chewing , swallowing or moving the tongue Most likely this pt has _____. |
Oral Cancer
-Squamous Cell Carcinoma |
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Uncontrolled growth from cells derived from normal tissue.
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Cancer
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What are the most common types of cancer
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Skin
Lung Breast Colon Prostate |
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What are the major contributing factors to cancer
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Environment and Genetics
Most common diseases have a genetic component |
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What is a minor contributing factor to cancerq
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Nutrition
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What nutrients are involved in DNA repair process
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Folic Acid
Vit B12 |
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What nutrient allows for cells with abnormal DNA to proliferate
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Carotene
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What nutrients inactivate carcinogens
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Fiber
Vit C, E, A Selenium Lycopene |
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Excess ____ increases carcinogen process
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Alcohol
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Not enough fruits and vegetables in your diet can increase your risk of which 5 cancers.
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Oral
Lung Bladder Breast Skin |
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Lots of fatty food in your diet will increase your risk of 3 cancers
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Colon
Breast Prostate |
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What is the optimal systolic and diastolic BP
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Less than 120/80
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What is the NORMAL systolic and diastolic BP
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Less than 130/85
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Risk factors for Hypertension include:
Genetics Age Ethnicity Physical INactivity Obesity Smoking Na Intake For the majority of hypertensive people Na reduction has little effect on ____. |
Blood pressure
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Much of the Na we eat is already processed in the foods that we eat. T or F
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T
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Hrt Disease effects:
Males >___ years old Women >___ years old People with a family history of premature hrt disease Smokers Hypertensive People Type II Diabetics Low HDL cholesterol High LDL cholesterol |
Male >45
Women >55 |
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How does athersclerosis develop:
_____ carry lipids from blood across blood vessel ____ layer to _____. Lipoproteins modified by ___ get stuck in the vessel wall and aggregate. ______ take up these lipoproteins and become ____. These cells accumulate in the vessel wall. Blood vessel lumen gets narrow |
Lipoproteins carry lipids from blood across the blood vessels endothelial layer to the subendothelial layer
Lipoproteins are modified by oxidation. Get stuck. Macrophages eat them and become foam cells |
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We want ____ LDL's and ___ HDL's
LDL trasports ____.It is converted from ____ and transports lipids to peripheral tissues. HDL transports _____ and its function is to do what. |
LOW LDL
HIGH HDL LDL transports cholesterol; Converted from VLDL. HDL transports cholesterol; function is to remove cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver |
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_____ is a lipoprotein that transports TG. It originates in the ____.
____ is a lipoprotein that transports TG from fat to muscle tissue. It originates in the ___. |
Chylomicron; Orginates in the intestine
VLDL; Originates in the liver |
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What do you want your blood levels to be for
VLDL HDL LDL |
VLDL- Less than 200
LDL- Less than 130 HDL- More than 60 |
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Foods with Saturated Fats raise serum ____ and ___ level.
Foods with Trans Fat raise ____ and lower ____. Foods with Cholesterol have a ____ effect on serum cholesterol. Obesity is associate with high bp, serum ____,_____, and ___ intolerance |
Saturated Fat= Increase choleserol + LDL level
Trans Fat= Raise LDL + Lower HDL = BAD Cholesterol= Moderate effect on serum cholesterol Obesity= High BP, serum cholesterol, TG, and glucose intolerance |
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Moderate alcohol raises ___.
Fiber reduces ____ if intake is 15-30 grams per day Polyunsaturated fats lower ___ modestly. Omega 3 FA reduce Monounsaturated FA lower ____. _____ lowere VLDL. |
Alcohol= increases HDL
Fiber= reduces cholesterol Polyunsaturated fats= lower cholesterol modestly Omega 3 FA= Reduce platelet aggregation Monounsaturated FA= Reduce serum cholesterol Niacin= lowers VLDL |
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T or F: There are many benefits to takeing B-carotene, vit c, and vit E when at high risk for CVD.
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FALSE!!!!
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If I want my LDL level to decrease I need food rich in ____.
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FIBER
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What is the recommended amount of fiber per day
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25-38 grams/day
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Define anorexia
-body weight is less than ___ % of expected weight -BMI is less than ___% |
Fear of gaining weight and inaccurate perception of body image
Body weight less than 85% Body Mass index less than 17.5% |
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Name the physical signs of anorexia
Muscle? Period? Water? Skin/Hair? Bones? |
Muscle Wastin
Amenorrhea Dehydration Dry skin/hair Increased risk of fracuring bones |
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Oral signs of anorexia include ____, ____, and moderate ____ and ____.
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xerostomia
bleeding gums gingival pockets and peridontal pockets |
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Xerostomia will present as dry glossy atrophic ____.
_____chelitis. Inflamed, fissure ____ with partial or total papillary ____. Unilateral or Bilateral_____ enlargement. Reduced Saliva |
Mucosa
Angular Chelitis Tongue;Atrohy Glandular Enlargement |
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Bulemics have excessive concern about there body image and shape. They will binge eat and then _____, excercise frequently, take _____,_____ and have restrictive diets and fasting periods.
T or F: These pts will have a low BMI. |
vomit
laxitive and diuretics F; BMI is HIGH or normal |
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Bulemics will present with
Xerostomia Cracked lip and fissures at the corner of the mouth Enlarged ____ gland Eroded _____ Irritation of _____ Thermal Hypersensitivity of teeth. |
Enlarged Parotid Gland
Eroded Denal Enamel Irritation of Dentl Enamel |
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In a bulemic, the first teeth to show signs of erosion are the ____ surfaces of the ____ teeth
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Lingual surfaces of the upper teeth
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What is the female athlete triad?
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Eat Disorder
Amenorrhea Osteoporosis *Oral health compromised= poor peridontal health// enamel erosion |
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Binge Eating's common complication orally is ____.
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Dental Caries
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A reduction in bone mineral that results in lowered bone strength and increased risk of fracture with only mid to moderate degree of trauma
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Osteoporosis
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____,____, and ____ are the most common sites of fracure.
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Hips, Spine, Radius
-HIP fracure is the most common cause of death than all the other fractures |
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Normal bone:
Pores are ____, regular in shape and distribution Mineral structure is ___ and continuous Good Support, resistant to breaking |
Normal Bone
Small Pores, reg shape Thick mineral structure |
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Resorption:
Activation of ____. Resorption of minerals in matrix Bone Formation Migration and differentiation of _____. Matrix formation. Mineralization |
Resorption= Osteoclast
Formation= Preosteoblast>>Osteoblast |
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The ___ phase comes before resorption and after formation.
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Quiscent Phase
Resorption Formation Quiscent Phase |
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When resorption is greater than formation it results in ____.
This comes with AGE, Hypo_____ and ___ insufficiency. |
Osteoporosis
-Age -Hypogonadism -Ca insufficiency |
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Lg Pores
Irregular Shape Mineral structure thin Poor support and easily fractured. |
Osteoporotic Bone
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How does osteoporosis develop
-Failure to reach peak bone mass in early adulthood ___ (ages) Rapid bone loss in adulthood. -In women begin during ___ (age 50). -In men (20%) age is not known |
Ages 18-30
Women; Begins in Menopause |
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BMD
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Bone Mass Density
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Risk for Osteoporosis:
Age Gender (Female) -Being ______. Gender (Males) -low ____ levels ____ or ___ ethnicity Family history with osteoporosis |
Age
Gender Female= Postmenopausal Gender Male= Low testosterone levels Ethnicity: Whites and Asians |
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Other risk factors for osteoporosis include:
Thinness or _____ Cigarette Smoking ___levels of physical excercise Use of ____ and ____. |
Thinness or small frame
Smoking Low physical activity Meds: Corticosteroids, and Anticonvulsants |
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Dietary risk include
Low ____, vit(3)_____ , ____ Excess ____, _____, ____ , vit ____ |
Low Ca, Vit D/B12/K, protein, folate
excesss na,caffine (if low in ca), vit A |
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Plasma has ___-___ mg/dl of Ca+
All extra Ca goes into the ___. |
8-10mg/dl
Extra goes into bone |
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Vit ___ supplements lower the rate of fracture
____ decreases the amount of caries and has a minimal effect on bone density. |
Vit D
Fluoride |
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How do you decrease your risk for osteoporosis
DONT ____. Maintain ______. Drink in _____. Supplements in ___ and vit ___ also help to decrease the risk. Although vit ___ excess can be harmful. |
Dont Smoke
Maintain healthy body weight Drink in moderation Supplements= Ca+ and Vit D (harmful in excess) |
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Diet and oral health in children is important because it plays a role in ___ and ____ development
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tooth and orofacial development
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Primary Maxilla formation and eruption for:
Hard Tissues is ___ months in Utero Enamel Completed at ___ to ___ monthes Eruption occurs at ___ to ___ months |
Hard Tissue= 4-6 mo in utero
Enamel completion= 1.5-11 mo Eruption 7.5-24 mo |
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Primary Mandibular tissue formation and eruption:
Hard Tissue= ___-____mo in utero Enamel completion= ____-____mo Eruption= ____ to ___ mo |
Hard Tissue= same as maxilla 4-6 mo in utero
Enamel completion= 2-10 mo Eruption=6-20 mo |
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Secondary Dentition
Hard Tissue develops from ___ to ___ years Enamel completed ___ to ___ years Eruption= ____- ____ years |
Hard Tissue= Birth to 3 years
Enamel completed= 2.5-8 years Eruption=6-13 years |
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If mother's diet is deficient in:
Protein/Calories than the child will experience ____. Vit A def in mother's diet will lead to child having ____. Ca/Vit D? (3 things) Fluoride def leads to ___ and increased ___ risk Multiple vit (folic acid)def? |
Delayed tooth eruption and small tooth size due to lack of protein/calories
Vit A def= Enamel Hypoplasia Ca/Vit D def= delayed tooth eruption, enamel hypoplasia, and hypermineralization Fl= demineralization and increased caries risk Multi vit= cleft lip/cleft palate |
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If mother's has excess
Alcohol? Vit A? Fluoride? in her diet the child will have what effects. |
Alcohol= Cleft lip/palate
Vit A= Cleft lip/palate Fl= Mottled enamel |
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Masticatory function is a measure of ____.
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chewing efficency
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____ wearers have higher
-Serum cholesterol -Weight -More Diabetics -Intake of sugar t |
Denture Wearers
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If a cereal is to qualify for soluble fiber and hrt disease thant it must be
low in ____, ____ , and ____. |
Low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol
Contain less than .6 grams of fiber per seving |
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1 serving provides ___ of fiber,
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1 serving= 1 gram of fiber
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FDA approves food/supplements with high Ca and no excess ____ for decreasing risk of osteoporosis
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High Ca
No Phosphorus |
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FDA approves food low in ___ for decreasing risk of cancer
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Low in Fat
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FDA approves food that is low in ___, ____ and ___ to decrease risk of hrt disease.
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Low in Fat, Saturated Fat, Cholesterol
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FDA approves foods with ___, ___ and ___ to combat dental caries
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xylitol
mannitol Isomalt |
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