Nasm (Ed.4) Chp 2

Front 1

human movement system

Back 1

the combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Front 2

nervous system

Back 2

a conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

Front 3

sensory function

Back 3

the ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

Front 4

integrative function

Back 4

the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

Front 5

motor function

Back 5

the neuromuscular response to the sensory information

Front 6

proprioception

Back 6

the cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement

Front 7

neuron

Back 7

the functional unit of the nervous system

Front 8

sensory (afferent) neurons

Back 8

transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Front 9

interneurons

Back 9

transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Front 10

motor (efferent) neurons

Back 10

transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Front 11

central nervous system

Back 11

the portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Front 12

peripheral nervous system

Back 12

cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

Front 13

mechanoreceptors

Back 13

sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissue

Front 14

muscle spindles

Back 14

receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

Front 15

Golgi tendon organs

Back 15

receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

Front 16

Joint Receptors

Back 16

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint

Front 17

skeletal system

Back 17

the body's framework , composed of bones and joints

Front 18

bones

Back 18

provide a resting ground for muscles and protection for vital organs

Front 19

joints

Back 19

junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs

aka articulation

Front 20

axial skeleton

Back 20

portion of the skeletal system, that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Front 21

appendicular skeleton

Back 21

portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

Front 22

remodeling

Back 22

the process of resorption and formation of bone

Front 23

osteoclasts

Back 23

a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

Front 24

osteoblasts

Back 24

a type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

Front 25

long bone

Back 25

long, cylindrical shaft and irregular or widened ends

Front 26

short bones

Back 26

similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape

Front 27

flat bones

Back 27

thin, protective

Front 28

irregular bones

Back 28

unique shape and function

Front 29

sesamoid bones

Back 29

small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in location where a tendon passes over a joint

Front 30

epiphysis

Back 30

the end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth

Front 31

diaphysis

Back 31

the shaft portion of the long bone

Front 32

epiphyseal plate

Back 32

the region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs

Front 33

periosteum

Back 33

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrance

Front 34

medullar cavity

Back 34

the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored

Front 35

articular (hyaline) cartilage

Back 35

cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

Front 36

depressions

Back 36

flattened r indented portions of bones, which can be muscle attachment sites

Front 37

processes

Back 37

projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

Front 38

vertebral column

Back 38

a series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

Front 39

cervical spine

Back 39

first seven vertebrae starting at the top of the spinal column

Front 40

thoracic spine

Back 40

twelve vertebrae located in the upper/middle back behind the ribs

Front 41

lumbar spine

Back 41

five vertebrae of the low back below the thoracic spine

Front 42

sacrum

Back 42

triangular bone located below the lumbar

Front 43

coccyx

Back 43

located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone

Front 44

arthrokinematics

Back 44

joint motion

Front 45

synovial joints

Back 45

joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

Front 46

nonsynovial joints

Back 46

joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage

Front 47

gliding joints

Back 47

no axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back-and-forth

Front 48

Condyloid joint

Back 48

formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane

Front 49

hinge joint

Back 49

uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)

Front 50

saddle joints

Back 50

one bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thumb frontal)

Front 51

pivot joints

Back 51

only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse)

Front 52

ball-and-socket

Back 52

most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes of motion

Front 53

ligament

Back 53

primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement

Front 54

muscular system

Back 54

series of muscles that move the skeleton

Front 55

epimysium

Back 55

a layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

Front 56

perimysium

Back 56

the connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Front 57

endomysium

Back 57

the deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

Front 58

tendons

Back 58

connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force

Front 59

sarcomere

Back 59

the function unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

Front 60

neural activation

Back 60

the contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Front 61

motor unit

Back 61

a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 62

neurotransmitters

Back 62

chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

Front 63

Sliding Filament Theory

Back 63

Describes how thick and thin filaments within the sarcomere slide past one another, shortening muscle and producing force
1. a sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together
2. The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament and asynchronously pulling (power strokes) the actin filament across the myosin, resulting in shortening of the muscle fiber

Front 64

excitation-contraction coupling

Back 64

the process of neural stimulation creating a muscle contraction

Front 65

the "all or nothing" law

Back 65

motor units cannot vary the amount of force they generate; they either contract maximally or not at all

Front 66

type I muscle fibers

Back 66

- slow-twitch
- more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- increased oxygen delivery
- smaller in size
- less force produces
- slow to fatigue
- long-term contractions (stabilization)

Front 67

type II muscle fibers

Back 67

-fast-twitch
-fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- decreased oxygen delivery
- larger in size
- more force produced
- quick to fatigue
-short-term contractions (force and power)

Front 68

Agonist muscles

Back 68

prime mover

Front 69

synergist muscle

Back 69

assist prime mover

Front 70

stabilizer muscle

Back 70

stabilize while prime mover and synergist work

Front 71

antagonist muscle

Back 71

oppose prime mover