Nasm Chapter 2 (Skeletal System)

Front 1

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 1

- provides shape and form for our bodies

- supports, protects, allows bodily movement, produces blood for the body and stores minerals

Front 2

describe joints

Back 2

joints are junctions if bones that are connected by muscles and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also know as articulation.

Front 3

What are the divisions of the skeletal system?

Back 3

- axial skeletal system

- appendicular system

Front 4

What comprises the axial skeleton?

Back 4

- skull

- rib cage

- vertebral column

- there are about 80 bones in the axial

Front 5

What comprises the appendicular skeleton?

Back 5

- upper and lower extremities as well as the shoulder and pelvic girdles.

- the pelvic girdle is considered a component of either the axial or appendicular system and is actually a link between the two systems.

- the appendicular skeleton encompasses approx 126 bones

Front 6

What are the types of bones?

Back 6

-long

-short

-flat

- irregular

-sesmoid bones

Front 7

what are the functions of bones during movement

Back 7

-leverage: bones act and perform as levers when acted on by muscles

- provide support; translates into posture which is necessary for the efficient distribution of forces acting on the body.

Front 8

What is remodeling?

Back 8

the process of resorption and formation of bone

Front 9

what are osteoclasts?

Back 9

a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

Front 10

what are osteoblasts?

Back 10

a type of bone cell that is responsible for bone formation.

Front 11

Describe the epiphysis of the long bone

Back 11

the end of a long bone which is mainly composed of cancellous bone and houses much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production.

-one of the primary sites for bone growth; can be very vulnerable to injury during growth periods

Front 12

describe the diaphysis of the long bone

Back 12

the shaft portion of the long bone

- predominantly compact bone (although the inside of the shaft is hollow)

- the principal role of the diaphysis is support

Front 13

describe the epiphyseal plate of the long bone

Back 13

region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis.

- a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Front 14

describe periosteum

Back 14

a dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bones, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane.

-contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone producing cells

- plays a fundamental role in movement by providing the point of attachment for tendons.

Front 15

describe the medullary cavity

Back 15

the space that runs down through the center of the diaphysis and contains fatty yellow marrow that is predominantly composed of adipose tissue and serves as a useful energy reserve.

Front 16

describe the articular (hyaline) cartilage

Back 16

- cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones

-hard, white, shiny tissue that (along with synovial fluid) helps reduce friction in freely movable (synovial joints).

- fundamental for smooth joint action

Front 17

what are the categories of surface or bones markings?

Back 17

- depressions

- processes

Front 18

describe depressions

Back 18

-depressions: flattened or indented portions of the bone which can be muscle attachment sites. A common depression is called a fossa (e.g. supraspinous or infraspinous fossa)
-sulcus: a groove in a bone that allows soft tissue (i.e. tendons) to pass through (e.g. intertubercular sulcus (page 29)

Front 19

describe processes

Back 19

- projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach.

- Review page 29-30

Front 20

the vertebral column consists of a series of irregular bones called vertebrae. These irregular bones are divided into what categories?

Back 20

- 1-7 (starting from the top of the spinal column are called the cervical vertebrae (cervical spine, C1-C7). These bones form a flexible framework and provide support and motion for the head

- the next 12 vertebrae located in the upper and middle back are called the thoracic vertebrae (thoracic spine, T1-T-12). These bones move with the ribs to form the rear anchor of the rib cage. Thoracic vertebrae are larger than cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom.

- below the thoracic spine are 5 vertebrae comprising the lumbar vertebrae (lumbar spine, L1-5). These bones are the largest in the spinal column, support most of the body's weight, and are attached to many of the back muscles.

Front 21

What is the bottom of the spinal column?

Back 21

the coccyx or tailbone

-consists of 3-5 bones

Front 22

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

Back 22

-allows humans to stand upright and maintain balance

-helps support the head and arms while permitting freedom of movement

-provides attachment for many muscles, the ribs, and some of the organs and protects the spinal cord

Front 23

What is the optimal arrangement of curves for the spine?

what are the major curvatures of the adult human spine?

Back 23

- neutral spine; a position in which the vertebrae and associated structures are under the least amount of load.

-Three major curvatures:

1. a posterior cervical curvature: a posterior concavity of the cervical spine

2. an anterior thoracic curvature: a posterior convexity of the thoracic spine

3. a posterior lumbar curvature: a posterior concavity of the lumbar spine.

Front 24

what is the triangular bone located below the lumbar spine?

Back 24

sacrum