Myers' Psychology For The Ap: Unit Ten: Personality (Concepts, Part 1)

Front 1

Personality is defined as an individual's characteristic pattern of _____.

Back 1

thinking, feeling, and acting

Front 2

The psychoanalytic perspective on personality was proposed by _____.

Back 2

Sigmund Freud

Front 3

A second, historically significant perspective was the _____ approach, which focused on people's capacities for _____.

Back 3

humanistic; growth and self-fulfillment

Front 4

Today's theories are _____ focused and down-to-earth than these grand theories.

Back 4

more

Front 5

Sigmund Freud was a medical doctor who specialized in _____ disorders. Freud developed his theory in response to his observation that many patients had disorders that did not make _____ sense.

Back 5

nervous (system); neurological

Front 6

At first, Freud thought _____ would unlock the door to the unconscious.

Back 6

hypnosis

Front 7

The technique later used by Freud, in which the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, is called _____.

Back 7

free association

Front 8

Freud called his theory and associated techniques, whereby painful unconscious memories are exposed, _____.

Back 8

psychoanalysis

Front 9

According to this theory, the mind is like an iceberg in that many of a person's thoughts, wishes, and feelings are hidden in a large _____ region.

Back 9

unconscious

Front 10

Some thoughts can be retrieved at will into consciousness; these thoughts are said to be _____.

Back 10

preconscious

Front 11

Many memories are blocked, or _____ from consciousness.

Back 11

repressed

Front 12

Freud believes that a person's _____ wishes are often reflected in their beliefs, habits, symptoms, and slips of the tongue and pen.

Back 12

unconscious

Front 13

Freud called the remembered content of dreams the _____, which he believed to be a censored version of the dream's true _____.

Back 13

manifest content; latent content

Front 14

Freud believed that all facets of personality arise from conflict between our _____ impulses and the _____ restraints against them.

Back 14

biological; social

Front 15

According to Freud, personality consists of three interacting structures: the _____, the _____, and the _____.

Back 15

id; ego; superego

Front 16

The id is a reservoir of energy that is primarily _____ and operates according to the _____ principle.

Back 16

unconscious; pleasure

Front 17

The ego developed _____ the id and consists of perceptions, thoughts, and memories that are mostly _____.

Back 17

after; conscious

Front 18

The ego operates according to the _____ principle. The ego is the servant of three masters: _____, _____, and _____. Ego is the executive that satisfies all three demands.

Back 18

reality; id; superego; reality

Front 19

The personality structure that reflects moral values is the _____, which Freud believed began emerging at about age _____.

Back 19

superego; 4 or 5

Front 20

A person with a _____ superego may be self-indulgent; one with an unusually _____ superego may be continually guilt-ridden.

Back 20

weak; strong

Front 21

According to Freud, personality is formed as the child passes through a series of _____ stages, each of which is focused on a distinct body area called a(n) _____.

Back 21

psychosexual; erogenous zone

Front 22

The first stage is the _____ stage, which takes place during the first _____ months of life. During this stage, the id's energies are focused on behaviors such as _____.

Back 22

oral; 18; sucking, biting, and chewing

Front 23

The second stage is the _____ stage, which lasts from about age _____.

Back 23

anal; 18 months to 3 years

Front 24

The third stage is the _____ stage, which lasts roughly from ages _____. During this stage, the id's energies are focused on the _____.

Back 24

phallic; 3 years to 6 years; genitals

Front 25

Freud also believed that during this stage children develop sexual desires for the _____-sex parents. Freud referred to these feelings as the _____ in boys. Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experience a parallel _____.

Back 25

opposite; Oedipus complex; Electra complex

Front 26

Freud believed that _____ with a same-sex parent figure is the basis for _____.

Back 26

identification; gender-identity

Front 27

During the next stage, sexual feelings are repressed: this phase is called the _____ stage and lasts until adolescence.

Back 27

latency

Front 28

The final stage of development is called the _____ stage.

Back 28

genital

Front 29

According to Freud, it is possible for a person's development to become blocked in any of the stages; in such an instance, the person is said to be _____.

Back 29

fixated

Front 30

People who are messy and disorganized or highly controlled and compulsively neat were said to be _____ or _____ respectively.

Back 30

anal expulsive; anal retentive

Front 31

The ego attempts to protect itself against anxiety through the use of _____. The process underlying each of these mechanisms is _____.

Back 31

defense mechanisms; repression

Front 32

Dealing with anxiety by returning to an earlier stage of development is called _____.

Back 32

regression

Front 33

When a person reacts in a manner opposite that of their true feelings, _____ is said to have occurred.

Back 33

reaction formation

Front 34

When a person attributes their own feelings to another person, _____ has occurred.

Back 34

projection

Front 35

When a person offers a false, self-justifying explanation for their actions, _____ has occurred.

Back 35

rationalization

Front 36

When impulses are directed toward an object other than the one that caused arousal, _____ has occurred.

Back 36

displacement

Front 37

Defense mechanisms are _____ processes.

Back 37

unconscious

Front 38

The theorists who established their own, modified versions of psychoanalytic theory are called _____. These theorists typically place _____ emphasis on the conscious mind than Freud did and _____ emphasis on sex and aggression.

Back 38

neo-Freudians; more; less

Front 39

Adler emphasized _____. Coined the term _____.

Back 39

social tensions and feelings of inferiority; inferiority complex

Front 40

Horney disagreed that _____. Coined the term _____.

Back 40

females have "penis envy" and socialized social expectations; basic anxiety

Front 41

Jung emphasized _____. Coined the term _____.

Back 41

inherited memories; collective unconscious

Front 42

Today's psychologists _____ the idea that people inherit a common reservoir of experiences, which _____ called a _____.

Back 42

reject; Jung; collective unconscious

Front 43

More recently, some of Freud's ideas have been incorporated into _____ theory. Unlike Freud, the theorists advocating this perspective do not believe that _____ is the basis of personality. They do agree, however that much of mental life is _____, that _____ shapes personality, and that we often struggle with _____.

Back 43

psycho-dynamic; sex; unconscious; childhood; inner conflicts

Front 44

Tests that provide subjects with ambiguous stimuli for interpretation are called _____tests.

Back 44

projective

Front 45

Henry Murray introduced the personality assessment technique called the _____.

Back 45

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Front 46

The most widely-used projective test is the _____, in which subjects are shown a series of _____.

Back 46

Rorshach; inkblots

Front 47

Generally, projective tests appear to have _____ validity and reliability. This is because there _____ a universal system for scoring these tests, and they _____ successful at predicting behavior.

Back 47

little; is not; are not

Front 48

Contrary to Freud's theory, research indicates that human development is _____, children gain their gender identity at an _____ age, and the presence of a same-sex parent _____ necessary for the child to become strongly "masculine" or "feminine".

Back 48

lifelong; earlier; is not

Front 49

Recent research also disputes Freud's beliefs that dreams disguise _____ and that defense mechanisms disguise _____ impulses.

Back 49

wishes; sexual and aggressive

Front 50

Another Freudian idea that is no longer widely accepted is that psychological disorders are caused by _____.

Back 50

sexual suppression

Front 51

Psycho-analytic theory rests on the assumption that the human mind often _____ painful experiences. Many of today's researchers think that this process is much _____ than Freud believed. They also believe that when it does occur, it is a reaction to terrible _____.

Back 51

represses; rarer; trauma

Front 52

Today's psychologists agree with Freud that much of the mind's information processing is _____.

Back 52

unconscious

Front 53

Research studies demonstrate that our capacity for _____, sometimes called _____, is quite sophisticated.

Back 53

nonconscious learning; implicit learning

Front 54

Another Freudian idea that has received support is that people defend themselves against _____.

Back 54

anxiety

Front 55

According to _____, when people are faced with a threatening world, they seek to enhance their _____ adhere _____ to the worldviews that create meaning in their lives.

Back 55

terror-management theory; self-esteem- more strongly

Front 56

An example of the defense mechanism that Freud called _____ is what researchers today call the _____ effect. This refers to our tendency to ____ extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Back 56

projection; false-consensus; overestimate

Front 57

Criticism of psychoanalysis as a scientific theory centers on the fact that it provides _____ explanations and does not offer _____.

Back 57

after-the-fact; testable preditions

Front 58

Freudian ideas that have survived include that behavior often comes from the _____; that humans defend against _____; that _____ is developmentally important; that _____ matter.

Back 58

unconscious; anxiety; childhood; inner tensions

Front 59

Two influential theories of humanistic psychology were proposed by _____.

Back 59

Rogers and Maslow

Front 60

According to _____, humans are motivated by needs that are organized into a _____. He refers to the process of fulfilling one's potential as _____.

Back 60

Maslow; hierarchy; self-actualization

Front 61

As a pioneer in the movement for a more humanistic psychology, _____ emphasized the ways that healthy people strive for _____ and self-realization.

Back 61

Maslow; self-determination

Front 62

Characteristics _____ associated with those who fulfilled their potential included being _____.

Back 62

Maslow; self-aware, self-accepting, open, spontaneous, loving, caring, not paralyzed by others' opinions, and problem-centered rther than self-centered.

Front 63

According to _____, a person nurtures growth in a relationship by being _____.

Back 63

Rogers; genuine, accepting, and empathetic

Front 64

People who are accepting of others offer them _____. By so doing, they enable others to be _____ without fearing the loss of their esteem.

Back 64

unconditional positive regard; spontaneous

Front 65

For both Maslow and Rogers, an important feature of personality is how an individual perceives _____; this is the person's _____.

Back 65

themselves; self-concept

Front 66

Humanistic psychologists sometimes use _____ to assess personality, that is, to evaluate the _____.

Back 66

questionnaires; self-concept

Front 67

Carl Rogers developed a questionnaire that asked people to describe themselves both as they _____ and as they _____.

Back 67

would ideally like to be; actually are

Front 68

Some humanistic psychologists feel that questionnaires are _____ and prefer to use _____ to assess personality.

Back 68

de-humanizing; interviews

Front 69

Humanistic psychologists have influenced such diverse areas as _____. They have also had a major impact on today's _____, perhaps because the emphasis on the individual self strongly reflects _____ cultural values.

Back 69

counseling, education, child-rearing, and management; popular ("pop"); Western

Front 70

Research has shown that most people tend to have _____ self-esteem.

Back 70

high

Front 71

_____ developed trait theory, which defines personality in terms of people's characteristic _____ and _____.

Back 71

Gordon Allport; behaviors; conscious motives

Front 72

Unlike Freud, _____ was generally less interested in _____ individual traits than in _____ them.

Back 72

Allport; explaining; describing

Front 73

The ancient Greeks classified people according to _____: _____, or depressed; _____, or cheerful; _____, or unemotional; and _____, or irritable.

Back 73

Hippocrates' four humors: melancholic; sanguine; phlegmatic; choleric

Front 74

The _____ classifies people according to _____ personality types. Although recently criticized for its lack of predictive value, this test has been widely used in _____.

Back 74

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); Carl Jung's; business and career counseling.