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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Habituation
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the decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
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Classical Conditioning
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a type of learing in which one lears to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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Ivan Pavlov
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Conducted experiments with dogs that illustrate Classical conditioning
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Behaviorism
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studies behavior without refernce to mental processes
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Unconditioned stimulus (US)
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a stimulus that triggers an automatic or natural response
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Unconditioned response (UR)
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the unlearned, natural or automatic, response to a stimulus
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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a neutral stimulus that, after association, triggers a conditioned response
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Conditioned response (CR)
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the learned response to a previously neurtral stimulus
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John B. Watson
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used classical conditioning to make little Albert fear white rats (and associated stimuli)
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Acquisition
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the initial stage when one links a stimulus to a response
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Higher-order conditioning
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when a second neutral stimulus is linked to a previous netral stimulus and elicites a response
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Extinction
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the diminishing of a response when a stimulus (or reinforcement) is removed
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Spontaneous recovery
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the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response
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Generalization
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the idea that stimuli similar to a CS will elicit a conditioned response
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Discrimination
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the learned ability to distingue between stimuli
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Learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation when you can not avoid repeated negative events
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B.F. Skinner
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used operant conditioning with rats and pidgons
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Operant conditioning
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a type of learning in which behavior will repeat if reinforced or stopped if punished
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Law of effect
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Thorndike's principle that rewarded behavior will repeat and punished behavior will stop
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Operant Chamber
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Skinner box that doles out rewards and punishments based on behavior of rats (or pidgions)
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Shaping
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a procedure where any behavior that is close to a desired final behavior is rewarded
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Reinforcer
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any event that strengthens/increases a behavior
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Positive reinforement
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adding a positive reward to increase a behavior
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Negative reinforcement
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taking away a negative consequence to increase a behavior
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Positive Punishment
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adding a negative to decrease a behavior
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Negative Punishment
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taking away a positive stimuli to decrease a behavior
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Fixed-ratio schedule
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reinforces a response after a set number of responses
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Variable-ratio schedule
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reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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Fixed-intraval schedule
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reinfroces a response after a set amount of time
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Variable-intraval schedule
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reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of time
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Cognative map
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the mental layout of one's environment
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Latent learning
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learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is a reinforement
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Intrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform a behavior without reward or punishment
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Extrinsic motivation
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a desire to perform for a promised reward or to avoid a punishment
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Observational Learning
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learning by watching others
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Modeling
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watching and imitating from someone else's behavior
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Mirror neruons
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nerons that fire when watching someone else perform an action
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Alburt Bandura
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studied the effects of observational learning on the act of aggression
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Cognition
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thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
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Concept
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a mental grouping of ideas, objects or events
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Prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category
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algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure to solve a problem
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Heuristic
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a short cut to solving problems
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Insight
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a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem
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Creativity
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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
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Fixation
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the inability to see a problem froma new perspective
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Mental set
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tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
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Functional fixedness
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the tendency to see items only in their usual use
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Representative heuristic
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using a prototype to judge people or situations
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Availability heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on memroable examples
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Overconfidence
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the idea you will think you are correct more than you are
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Belief perseverance
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the idea that you will stick with your first impression
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Intuition
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an effortless, immediate, automatic thought or feeling
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Framing
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the way an issue is posed
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Language
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spoken, written or signed words used to communicate
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Phoneme
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the smallest distinctive sound unit in language
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Morpheme
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the smallest unit that carries meaning in language
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Semantics
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the set of rules to understand meaning of words
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Syntax
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the rules for combining words into sentences
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Telegraphic speech
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early speech stages using mostley nouns and verbs
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Linguistic determinism
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Lee Whorf's idea that language determines the way we think
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