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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Habituation
the decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Classical Conditioning
a type of learing in which one lears to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Ivan Pavlov
Conducted experiments with dogs that illustrate Classical conditioning
Behaviorism
studies behavior without refernce to mental processes
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
a stimulus that triggers an automatic or natural response
Unconditioned response (UR)
the unlearned, natural or automatic, response to a stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulus that, after association, triggers a conditioned response
Conditioned response (CR)
the learned response to a previously neurtral stimulus
John B. Watson
used classical conditioning to make little Albert fear white rats (and associated stimuli)
Acquisition
the initial stage when one links a stimulus to a response
Higher-order conditioning
when a second neutral stimulus is linked to a previous netral stimulus and elicites a response
Extinction
the diminishing of a response when a stimulus (or reinforcement) is removed
Spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished response
Generalization
the idea that stimuli similar to a CS will elicit a conditioned response
Discrimination
the learned ability to distingue between stimuli
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation when you can not avoid repeated negative events
B.F. Skinner
used operant conditioning with rats and pidgons
Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior will repeat if reinforced or stopped if punished
Law of effect
Thorndike's principle that rewarded behavior will repeat and punished behavior will stop
Operant Chamber
Skinner box that doles out rewards and punishments based on behavior of rats (or pidgions)
Shaping
a procedure where any behavior that is close to a desired final behavior is rewarded
Reinforcer
any event that strengthens/increases a behavior
Positive reinforement
adding a positive reward to increase a behavior
Negative reinforcement
taking away a negative consequence to increase a behavior
Positive Punishment
adding a negative to decrease a behavior
Negative Punishment
taking away a positive stimuli to decrease a behavior
Fixed-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after a set number of responses
Variable-ratio schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Fixed-intraval schedule
reinfroces a response after a set amount of time
Variable-intraval schedule
reinforces a response after an unpredictable amount of time
Cognative map
the mental layout of one's environment
Latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is a reinforement
Intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior without reward or punishment
Extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform for a promised reward or to avoid a punishment
Observational Learning
learning by watching others
Modeling
watching and imitating from someone else's behavior
Mirror neruons
nerons that fire when watching someone else perform an action
Alburt Bandura
studied the effects of observational learning on the act of aggression
Cognition
thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Concept
a mental grouping of ideas, objects or events
Prototype
a mental image or best example of a category
algorithm
a methodical, logical rule or procedure to solve a problem
Heuristic
a short cut to solving problems
Insight
a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem
Creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
Fixation
the inability to see a problem froma new perspective
Mental set
tendency to approach a problem in one particular way
Functional fixedness
the tendency to see items only in their usual use
Representative heuristic
using a prototype to judge people or situations
Availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on memroable examples
Overconfidence
the idea you will think you are correct more than you are
Belief perseverance
the idea that you will stick with your first impression
Intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic thought or feeling
Framing
the way an issue is posed
Language
spoken, written or signed words used to communicate
Phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound unit in language
Morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning in language
Semantics
the set of rules to understand meaning of words
Syntax
the rules for combining words into sentences
Telegraphic speech
early speech stages using mostley nouns and verbs
Linguistic determinism
Lee Whorf's idea that language determines the way we think