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144 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Psychology |
Science of behavior and mental processes |
Module 1 |
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Empiricism |
The idea that what we know comes from experience and that observation and experimentation enables scientific knowledge |
Module 1 |
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Rene Descartes |
A scientist who dissected animals |
Module one |
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John Locke |
A British political philosopher |
Module one |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Established the first psychology laboratory |
Module one |
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Structuralism |
An analysis of human behavior culture and experience |
Module one |
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Edward Titchener |
Wilhelm’s student |
Module one |
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Functionalism |
Down to earth emotions, memories, will-power, habits |
Module one |
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William James |
Made the first textbook |
Module one |
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Nature-nurture issue |
Through Genes or through experience |
Module two |
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Natural selection |
Survival of the fittest -Charles Darwin |
Module two |
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Levels of analysis |
Outlooks in which everything is related to everything else |
Module two |
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Biopsychosocial approach |
Influences of biological, psychological, and social cultural factors |
Module two |
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Basic research |
Builds psychology’s knowledge base |
Module two |
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Applied research |
Tackling practical problems |
Module two |
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Counseling psychologist |
Help people to cope with challenges and crises |
Module two |
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Clinical psychologist |
Assesses and treat mental emotional and behavioral disorders |
Module two |
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Psychiatrist |
Medical doctors license to prescribe drugs |
Module two |
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Positive psychology |
Positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions |
Module two |
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Personality |
And individuals characteristic pattern of thinking |
Module 55 |
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Free association |
A method of exploring the unconscious |
Module 55 |
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Psychoanalysis |
Personality makes thoughts, motives, and actions unconsciously |
Module 55 |
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Unconscious |
Unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories |
Module 55 |
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Preconscious |
A bridge to the conscious |
Module 55 |
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ID |
Unconscious psychic Energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual drives |
Module 55 |
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Ego |
The largely conscious “executive” part of personality |
Module 55 |
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Superego |
Represents internalized ideals |
Module 55 |
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Pleasure principal |
Within the id; seeks immediate gratification |
Module 55 |
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Reality principle |
Within the ego; wants long-term pleasure |
Module 55 |
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Psychosexual stages |
Stages of childhood development |
Module 55 |
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Oedipus complex |
Boy’s sexual desires towards his mother |
Module 55 |
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Electra complex |
Girl’s sexual desires towards her father |
Module 55 |
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Identification |
Incorporate children’s parents values into their developing super egos |
Module 55 |
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Fixate |
Conflicts were left unsolved in development |
Module 55 |
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Defense mechanisms |
Reduces anxiety |
Module 55 |
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neo-Freudian |
Freud’s followers |
Module 56 |
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Collective unconscious |
Shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history |
Module 56 |
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Projective personality test |
Provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics |
Module 56 |
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TAT |
People express their inner feelings |
Module 56 |
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Rorschach inkblot test |
Designed by Rorschach most widely used test |
Module 56 |
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False consensus effect |
The tendency to over estimate the extent to which others share our believes and behaviors |
Module 56 |
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Terror management theory |
A theory of death related anxiety |
Module 56 |
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Self actualization |
One of the ultimate psychological needs |
Module 57 |
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Unconditional positive regard |
An attitude of total acceptance toward another person |
Module 57 |
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Self-concept |
All our thoughts about ourselves |
Module 57 |
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Traits |
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act |
Module 58 |
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Factor analysis |
Statistical procedures used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence |
Module 58 |
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Personality inventories |
A questionnaire on which people respond to a large wide range of feelings and behaviors |
Module 58 |
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MMPI |
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests |
Module 58 |
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Empirically derived |
A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups |
Module 58 |
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The big five personality factors |
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extroversion |
Module 58 |
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Social-cognitive perspective |
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits |
Module 59 |
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Reciprocal determinism |
The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
Module 59 |
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The second positive psychology |
Study of optimal human functioning aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues |
This is the second one from module 59 |
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Spotlight effect |
Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders |
Module 59 |
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Self-efficacy |
One’s sense of competence and effectiveness |
Module 59 |
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Self-serving bias |
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
Module 59 |
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Narcissism |
Excessive self-love and self absorption |
Module 59 |
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Hindsight bias |
The tendency to believe after learning and an outcome, one would have forseen it |
Module four |
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Overconfidence |
Pretending to be right or “almost right” |
Module four |
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Critical thinking |
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions |
Module four |
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Theory |
And explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
Module five |
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Hypothesis |
A testable prediction |
Module five |
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Operational definition |
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study |
Module five |
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Replication |
Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations |
Module five |
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Case study |
Descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
Module five |
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Survey |
A technique for ascertaining The self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group |
Module five |
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Population |
All those in a group being studied which may be drawn |
Module five |
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Random sample |
A sample that fairly represents a population |
Module five |
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Sampling bias |
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample |
Module five |
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Naturalistic observation |
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
Module five |
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Correlation |
A measure of the extent to which two variables change together |
Module six |
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Correlational coefficient |
Statistical index of the relationship between two variables |
Module six |
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Scatterplot |
A graphed cluster of dots |
Module six |
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Illusory Correlation |
The perception of a relationship where none exists |
Module six |
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Experiment |
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe |
Module six |
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Double blind procedure |
And experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant |
Modules six |
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Placebo effect |
Operation results caused by expectations alone |
Module six |
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Experimental group |
Exposed to treatment |
Module six |
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Control group |
Not exposed to treatment |
Module six |
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Random assignment |
Assigning participants to groups by chance |
Module six |
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Independent variable |
The effect being studied |
Module six |
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Dependent variable |
The outcome |
Module six |
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Confounding variable |
Might produce an effect |
Module six |
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Validity |
So extent to which a test or experimental measures or predicts what it supposed to |
Module six |
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Histogram |
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution |
Module seven |
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Mode |
The most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
Module seven |
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Mean |
The arithmetic average of a distribution |
Module seven |
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Median |
The middle score |
Module seven |
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Skewed |
A representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value |
Module seven |
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Range |
The difference between the highest and the lowest scores |
Module seven |
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Standard deviation |
I computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
Module seven |
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Inferential statistics |
Numerical data that allowed one to generalize |
Module seven |
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Statistical significance |
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |
Module seven |
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Informed consent |
An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable then to choose whether it they wish to participate |
Module eight |
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Debrief |
Tell subjects the purpose of the study and deceptions |
Module eight |
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Social psychology |
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |
Module 74 |
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Attribution theory |
The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by creating either the situation or the persons disposition |
Module 74 |
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Fundamental attribution error |
The tendency for observers when analyzing others behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
Module 74 |
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Attitude |
Feelings often influenced by our believes that predispose us to respond in a particular way |
Module 74 |
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Peripheral route persuasion |
Occurs when people are influenced by incidental queues |
Module 74 |
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Central route persuasion |
Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts |
Module 74 |
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Foot in the door phenomenon |
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
Module 74 |
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Role |
A set of expectations about a social position defining how does in the position ought to behave |
Module 74 |
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Cognitive dissonance theory |
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort when we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent |
Module 74 |
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Chameleon effect |
To follow someone else’s behavior |
Module 75 |
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Conformity |
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard |
Module 75 |
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Asch study |
Wrong answer was right |
Module 75 |
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Normative social influence |
Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
Module 75 |
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Informational social influence |
Influence resulting from ones willingness to except others opinions about reality |
Module 75 |
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Milgrim Study |
Shock or electric chair |
We watched a video on this |
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social facilitation |
Improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in the presence of others |
Modules 76 |
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Social loafing |
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than one individually accountable |
Module 76 |
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Deindividuation |
The less of self-awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
Module 76 |
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Group polarization |
That enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group |
Module 76 |
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Group think |
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
Module 76 |
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Prejudice |
And unjustifiable and usually negative attitude towards a group and its members |
Module 77 |
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Stereotype |
A generalized belief about a group of people |
Module 77 |
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Discrimination |
Unjustifiable negative behavior towards the group and its members |
Module 77 |
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Just world phenomenon |
The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
Module 77 |
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In group |
Us; people with whom we share a common identity |
Module 77 |
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Out group |
Them; those perceived as different or apart from our own group |
Module 77 |
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In group bias |
The tendency to favor our own group |
Module 77 |
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Scapegoat Theory |
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
Module 77 |
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Other race effect |
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races |
Module 77 |
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Aggression |
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
Module 78 |
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Frustration aggression principal |
The principle of frustration the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal |
Module 78 |
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Social script |
Culturally molded guid for how to act in various situations |
Module 78 |
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Mere exposure effect |
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them |
Module 79 |
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Passionate love |
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship |
Module 79 |
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Compassionate love |
The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined |
Module 79 |
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Equity |
A condition in which people receive from a relationship in preparation to what they give to it |
Module 79 |
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Self disclosure |
Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others |
Module 79 |
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Altruism |
Unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
Module 80 |
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Bystander effect |
The bystander effect, or bystander apathy, is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. |
Module 80 |
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Social exchange theory |
Social change instability as a process of negotiating exchanges between parties |
Module 80 |
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Reciprocity norm |
We repay in kind what another has done for us |
Module 80 |
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Social responsibility norm |
Societal role that tells people that they should help others who need help even if doing so is costly |
Module 80 |
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Conflict |
A serious disagreement |
Module 80 |
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Social traps |
A group of people act to obtain short term individual gains which in the long run leads to a loss for the whole group |
Module 80 |
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Mirror image perceptions |
Reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict |
Module 80 |
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Self fulfilling prophecy |
A false definition of the situation which makes the original false conception come true |
Module 80 |
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Superordinate goal |
A group out to achieve |
Module 80 |
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GRIT |
Courage and resolve |
Module 80 |