Molecular Genetics

Front 1

Genetic materials of cells...

Back 1

Genes

nucleic acids

DNA

Nucleotides

Front 2

Genes are...

Back 2

units of genetic material that codes for a specific trait

Front 3

Codes for a specific trait are

Back 3

Nucleic acids

Front 4

DNA is made up of repeating molecules called

Back 4

nucleotides

Front 5

DNA nucleotide contains

Back 5

phosphate group

Sugar (deoxyribose)

Nitrogenous base (A,G,T,C)

Front 6

Watson and Crick proposed...

Back 6

DNA had specific pairing between the nitrogen bases

A - T

C - G

complementary rule

Front 7

Complementary Rule

Back 7

nucleotides arranged in a way of pairing the nitrogenous base of one strand of DNA with the nitrogenous base of another strand; adenine (A) with thymine (T) and guanine (G) with cytosine (C)

Front 8

Rungs of ladder is talking about what part of the DNA double helix?

Back 8

nitrogenous base (ATGC)

Front 9

Legs of Ladder is talking about what part of the DNA double helix?

Back 9

Phosphate and sugar backbone

Front 10

where is the phosphate connected to on the sugar? in the DNA double helix

Back 10

At 5 and 3

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where is the nitrogenous base connected to on the sugar? in the DNA double helix

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At 1

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There are two types of nitrogenous bases...

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purines

pyrimidines

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Purines include

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Adenine and Guanine

Front 14

Pyrimidines include

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Thymine and Cytosine

Front 15

Chargaff's Rule (Erwin Chargaff)

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Adenine must pair with thymine

Guanine must pair with cytosine

Purine always pairs with a pyrimidine and vice versa

Front 16

DNA is composed of

Back 16

deoxyribose (5 carbon) sugar, phosphate group (-vely charged), and a nitrogenous base

Front 17

By what bond is the nitrogenous base attached to the 1' carbon of sugar?

Back 17

Glycosyl bond

Front 18

By what bond is the phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon of sugar?

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ester bond

Front 19

nitrogenous bases are held together by ____ bonds

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hydrogen bonds

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Hydrogen bonds individually are ___ but collectively the are _____

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weak

strong

Front 21

the two strands of DNA are considered

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anti parallel

Front 22

one strand of DNA runs,

the other strand runs in,

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5' to 3' direction

3' to 5' direction

(5' end terminates with a phosphate group while the 3' end terminates with a hydroxyl group of deoxyribose

Front 23

every DNA molecule has an intrinsic directionality

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5' - ATGCCGTTA -3'

3' - TACGGCAAT -5'

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the diameter of DNA is

Back 24

2nm

Front 25

the double helix makes one complete turn every ________

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every 10 nucleotides which is 3.4 nm in size

Front 26

What provides diversity of living organisms

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the different arrangements of nucleotides in a nucleic acid (DNA) which provides the key to diversity among living organisms

Front 27

the 'code' of chromosomes is the

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specific order that bases occur

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DNA is wrapped tightly around ____ and coiled tightly to from _______

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histones

chromosomes

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histones are

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positively charged proteins that bind to negatively charged DNA in chromosomes

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DNA must be ____

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copied

Front 31

The DNA molecule produces _____ new complementary stands following the rules of base pairing:

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2 identical

A-T, G-C

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Each strand of original strand serves as a

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template for the new strand

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Semiconservative Model

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Watson and Crick showed that the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand

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why is replication necessary

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so both the new cells will have the correct DNA

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when does replication occur?

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during the interphase (S phase)

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describe how replication works

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enzymes unzip DNA and complimentary nucleotides join each original strand

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Watson and Crick proposed

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- DNA controlled cell function by serving as a template for protein structure

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3 nucleotides =

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a triplet or Codon

which code for a specific amino acid

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amino acids are

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the building blocks of proteins

Front 40

DNA transcription

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DAN can 'unzip' itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand

Front 41

Both DNA and RNA are formed from

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nucleotides and are called nucleic acids

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DNA translation

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cell uses info. from 'messenger' RNA to produce proteins