Microbiology Chp 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, And Epidemiology

Front 1

symbiosis

Back 1

"to live together."

Front 2

for exam, bacteria in your colon receive a warm, moist, nutrient-rich environment in which to thrive, while you absorb vitamin precursors and other nutrients released from the bacteria.

In ___________, both members benefit from their interaction.

Back 2

mutualism

Front 3

example: Staphylococcus epidermidis frowing on the skin typically causes no measurable harm to a person.

In _____________, a second type of symbiosis, one member of the relationship benefits without significantly affecting the other.

Back 3

example: Staphylococcus epidermidis frowing on the skin typically causes no measurable harm to a person.

In commensalism, a second type of symbiosis, one member of the relationship benefits without significantly affecting the other.

Front 4

Of concern to health care professionals is a third type of symbiosis called __________. A _________ derives benefit from its _______ while harming it, though some hosts sutain only slight damage; in most severe cases, a parasite kill its host, in the process destroying its own home.

Back 4

Of concern to health care professionals is a third type of symbiosis called parasitism. A parasite derives benefit from its host while harming it, though some hosts sutain only slight damage; in most severe cases, a parasite kill its host, in the process destroying its own home.

Front 5

Any parasite that causes disease is called a __________.

Back 5

pathogen

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Most of the ___________________ _________________ are commensal ; that is, they feed on excreted cellular wastes and dead cells without causing harm. _____________ _____________ remain a part of the normal microbiota of a person throughout life. these organisms are found on the skin and on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, upper respiratory tract, distal portion of the urethra, and vagina.

Back 6

Most of the resident microbiota are commensal ; that is, they feed on excreted cellular wastes and dead cells without causing harm. resident microbiota remain a part of the normal microbiota of a person throughout life. these organisms are found on the skin and on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract, upper respiratory tract, distal portion of the urethra, and vagina.

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_____________ _______________ remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disappearing. They are found in the same locations as the resident members of the normal microbiota but cannot persist because of competition from other microorganisms, elimination by the body's defense cells, or chemical and physical changes in the body that dislodge them.

Back 7

transient microbiota remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disappearing. They are found in the same locations as the resident members of the normal microbiota but cannot persist because of competition from other microorganisms, elimination by the body's defense cells, or chemical and physical changes in the body that dislodge them.

Front 8

Describe three conditions that create opportunities for normal microbiota to cause disease.

Why doesn't cadida albicans (normal flora of vagina) always prolifically reproduce creating

Back 8

- introduction of the normal microbiota into an unusual site in the body.

-immune suppression

-changes in the relative abundance of normal microbiota for whatever reason

Front 9

____________ pathogens

-normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

Back 9

opportunistic pathogens

-normal microbiota that cause disease under certain circumstances

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microbial antagonism or microbial competition

Front 11

reservoirs of infection

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zoonoses

Front 13

describe three types of reservoirs of infection in humans.

Front 14

carriers

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nonliving reservoirs

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describe the relationship between contamination and infection.

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contamination

Front 18

infection

Front 19

portals of entry

Front 20

indentify and describe the portals through which pathogens invade the body.

Front 21

parenteral route

Front 22

list the types of adhesion factors and the roles they play in infection.

Front 23

explain how a biofilm may facilitate contamination and infection.

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adhesion

adhesion factors

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avirulent

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biofilm

Front 27

compare and contrast the terms infection, disease, morbidity, pathogenicity.

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disease

morbidity

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symptoms

signs

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syndrome

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asymptomatic

subclinical

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define etiology

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list kochs postulates, explain their function, and describe their limitations.

Front 34

germ theory of disease

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explain how microbial extracellular enzymes, toxins, adhesion factors, and antiphagocytic factors affect virulence.

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pathogenicity

virulence

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virulence factors

Front 38

toxins

toxemia

Front 39

exotoxins

antitoxins

endotoxins

lipid A

Front 40

lsit and describe the five typical stages of infectious disease.

Front 41

disease process

-incubation period

-prodromal perod

-illness

-decline

-convalescence

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portals of exit

Front 43

incubation periods of selected infectious disease

-staphylococcus foodborne infection?

-influenza

-cholera

-genital herpes

-tetanus

-syphilis

-hepatitis B

-AIDS

-Leprosy

Front 44

contrast contact, vehicle, and vector transmission of pathogens.

Front 45

contrast droplet transmission and airborne transmission.

Front 46

contrast mechanical and biological vectors.

Front 47

direct contact transmission

Front 48

indirect contact transmission

-fomites

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droplet transmission

Front 50

vehicle transmission

Front 51

airborne transmission

-aerosol

Front 52

waterborne transmission

-fecal-oral infection

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foodborne transmission

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bodily fluid transmission

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vectors

-biological vectors

Front 56

mechanical vectors

Front 57

describe the basis for each of the various classification schemes of infectious diseases.

Front 58

distinguish among acute, subacute, chronic, and latent diseases.

Front 59

distinguish among communicable, contagious and non communicable infections diseases.

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acute disease

chronic diseases

subacute diseases

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latent disease

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communicable disease

-contagious disease

-noncommunicable diseases

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contrast incident and prevalence of disease

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differentiate amont the terms endemic, sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic.

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incidence

prevalence

endemic

sporadic

epidemic

pandemic

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explain three approaches epidemiologists use to study diseases in populations.

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descriptive epidemiology

-index case

analytical epidemiology

experimental epidemiology

Front 68

explain how nosocomial infections differ from other infections.

Front 69

escribe the factors that influence the development of nosocomial infections.

Front 70

describe three types of nosocomial infections and how they may be prevented

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nosocomial infections

-exogenous nosocomial infections

-endogenous nosocomial infections

-Iatrogenic infections

nosocomial diseases

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list three ways public health agencies work to limit the spread of diseases.

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potable

Front 74

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interatction?

Front 75

an axenic environment is one that ______________.

Front 76

which of the following is false concerning microbial contaminants...

a. contaminants may become opportunistic pathogens.

b. most microbial contaminants witll eventually cause harm.

c. contaminants may be a part of the transient microbiota.

d. contaminants may be introduced by a psquito bite.

Front 77

the most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is ___________________.

Front 78

the process by which micoorganisms attach themselves to cells is __________________.

Front 79

what is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?

Front 80

which of the following are most likely to cause disease?

a. opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host.

b. pathogens lacking the enzyme kinase

c. pathogens lacking the enzyme collagenase

d. highly virulent organisms

Front 81

the nature of bacterial capsules _________________.

a. causes widespread blood clotting

b. allows phagocytes to readily engult these bacteria.

c. affects the virulence of these bacteria

d. has no effect on the virulence of bacteria

Front 82

when pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesis, they typically ________________.

a. become avirulent

b. produce endotoxin

c. absorb endotoxin

d. increase in virulence

Front 83

a disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed _____________.

Front 84

which of the following epidemiologists is most like a detective?

a. a descriptive epidemiologist

b. an analytical epidemiologist

c. an experimental epidemiologist

d. a reservoir epidemiologist

Front 85

an animal was infected with a viruse. a mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector?

a. animal

b. virus

c. mosquito

d. person

Front 86

a patient contracted athlete's foot after long term use of a medication. his physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. such infections are termed ________________.

a. nosocomial infections

b. exogenous infections

c. iatrogenic infections

d. endogenous infections

Front 87

define contagious disease

Front 88

a microbe that cuases disease is called a _________________.

Front 89

infections that may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms are called ________________ infections.

Front 90

the study of the cause of a disease is ____________.

Front 91

the study of where and when diseases occur and how they are transmitted within populations is _______________.

Front 92

disease that are naturally spread from their ususal animal hosts to humans are called _____________.

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nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, dringing glass, and needle, are called ________________.

Front 94

__________________ infections are those acquired by patient or staff while in heath care facilities.

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the total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its __________________.

Front 96

an animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a _______________ vector.

Front 97

Microbes live with their hosts ins ____________ relationships, including ___________, in which both members benefit, ___________, in which a parasite benefits while the host is harmed; and more rarely ______________, in which one member benfits while the other is relatively unaffected. any parasite that causes disease is called a ___________.

Back 97

Microbes live with their hosts in symbiotic relationships, including mutualism, in which both members benefit, parasitism, in which a parasite benefits while the host is harmed; and more rarely commensalism, in which one member benfits while the other is relatively unaffected. any parasite that causes disease is called a pathogen.

Front 98

living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease are called __________ of ________. Animal reservoirs harbor agents of _________, which are diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animals or its waste products or bia an arthropod. Humans may be asymptomatic ________.

___________ ________ of infection include soil, water, and inanimate objects.

Back 98

living and nonliving continuous sources of infectious disease are called reservoirs of infection. Animal reservoirs harbor agents of zoonoses, which are diseases of animals that may be spread to humans via direct contact with the animals or its waste products or bia an arthropod. Humans may be asymptomatic carriers.

nonliving reservoirs of infection include soil, water, and inanimate objects.

Front 99

Portals of Entry of pathogens into the body include skin, mucous membranes, and the placenta. These portals may be bypassed via the ___________ ______, by which microbes are directly depsited into deeper tissues.

Back 99

Portals of Entry of pathogens into the body include skin, mucous membranes, and the placenta. These portals may be bypassed via the parenteral route, by which microbes are directly depsited into deeper tissues.

Front 100

___________, or ___________, infections may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease

Back 100

asymptomatic, or subclinical, infections may go unnoticed because of the absence of symptoms, even though clinical tests might reveal signs of disease

Front 101

___________ is the presence in the blood of poisons called _______. ____________ are secreted by pathogens into their environment. ___________, also known as ______ ___, is released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have fatal effects.

Back 101

toxemia is the presence in the blood of poisons called toxins. exotoxins are secreted by pathogens into their environment. endotoxins, also known as lipid A, is released from the cell wall of dead and dying Gram-negative bacteria and can have fatal effects.

Front 102

The __________ ________- stages of infectious diseases- typically consists of the _________ period, __________ period, illness,

decline, and ___________.

Back 102

The disease process- stages of infectious diseases- typically consists of the prodromal period, incubation period, illness,

decline, and convalescense.

Front 103

direct contact=

indirect contact transmission=

fomites=

droplet ransmission=

vehicle transmission=

aerosols=

vectors=

biological vectors=

mechanical vectors=

Back 103

direct contact=person to person body contact

indirect contact transmission= when pathogens are transmitted via innimate objects

fomites= inanimate objects

droplet ransmission= pathogens travel less than 1 meter in droplets of mucus, i.e. speaking, coughing, sneezing

vehicle transmission= airborne, waterborne, and foodborne transmission

aerosols= are clouds of water droplets that, travel more than 1 meter in airborn transmission

vectors= transmit pathogens between hosts

biological vectors=animals, arthropods, that serve as both host and vector of pathogens

mechanical vectors=

Front 104

epidemiologists trach the _________ (number of new cases) and __________ (total number of cases) of a disease and classify disease outbreaks as ___________ (usually present, ___________ (occasional), ___________ (morecases than usual), or __________ (epidemic on more than one continent)

Back 104

epidemiologists trach the incidence (number of new cases) and prevalence (total number of cases) of a disease and classify disease outbreaks as endemic (usually present, sporadic (occasional), epidemic (morecases than usual), or pandemic (epidemic on more than one continent)

Front 105

descriptive epidemiology=

index case=

analytical epidemiology=

experimental epidemiology=

Back 105

descriptive epidemiology= careful recording of data concerning a disease, it often includes detection of the index case

index case= the first case of the disease in a given area or population.

analytical epidemiology= seeks to determine the probable cause of a disease

experimental epidemiology= involves testin a hypothesis resulting grom anylytical sudies

Front 106

___________ infections and __________ diseases are acquired by patients or worker in health care facilities. They may be __________ (acquired from the health care environment, ____________ (derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting), or ___________ (induced by treatment or medical procedures).

Back 106

Nosocomial infections and nosocomial diseases are acquired by patients or worker in health care facilities. They may be exogenous (acquired from the health care environment, endogenous (derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while in the hospital setting), or iatrogenic (induced by treatment or medical procedures).