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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are 3 ways infectious diseases can be acquired?
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Respiratory tract
Oral cavity and digestive system Skin and genitourinary tract |
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Why is the lower respiratory tract (RT) free of microbes?
What is the upper RT inhabited by? Are these pathogenic? How are they controlled? |
due to the constant removal of foreign particles due to cilia.
streptococci, staphylococci, neisseriae, diphtheroids and yeasts. Some of these are potentially pathogenic but are normally controlled by the presence of other microbes and host antibodies. |
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What percent of upper RT infections are are caused by viruses?
What is the most common bacterial infection that leads to strep throat? These BLANK BLANK strep are called BLANK BLANK aka “associated with pus formation”. |
90%
Streptococcus pyogenes Group A pyogenic cocci |
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What are symptoms of Group A strep?
Strep throat is usually BLANK BLANK but if all 3 symptoms are seen BLANK BLANK is recommended. |
fever, inflammation of the mucous membrane of the throat, and glandular swelling.
self limiting; antibiotic treatment |
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Infections from Group A strep throat can can lead to what 3 illnesses?
Where is Group B strep seen? What does it lead to? |
scarlet fever, rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis.
pregnant females. Leads to neonatal meningitis and septicemia. |
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Scarlet fever is caused by lysogenic strains of BLANK BLANK that synthesize an exotoxin called BLANK BLANK which causes a BLANK BLANK throughout the body.
BLANK BLANK is also a characteristic of this illness. This toxin is under the control of a BLANK BLANK. BLANK is the treatment. |
S. pyogenes; erythrogenic toxin; red rash
Strawberry tongue temperate bacteriophage Penicillin |
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BLANK BLANK and BLANK BLANK are BLANK (non pus forming) sequelae (conditions) of strep throat.
Rheumatic fever is characterized by BLANK that show in the BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK 2-3 weeks post-strep throat. These people have a high BLANK BLANK titer. BLANK BLANK is a hemolysin produced by these bacteria. |
Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis; nonsuppurative
lesions; heart, joints and skin anti-streptolysin O Streptolysin O |
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BLANK BLANK is often seen in BLANK following strep throat or a cutaneous strep infection
BLANK and BLANK BLANK in urine are symptoms. |
Acute glomerulonephritis; children
edema and hypotension blood |
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Stuff on Rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis (review, maybe memorize)
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Group A strep infection, untreated your body makes antibodies that are to the cell walls of the group A strep.
It cross reacts with heart tissue and over time the patients develops microcatosis (sp?). The heart enlarges and as patient ages (from 9 to 40), they develop congestive heart failure (characteristic heart sounds). Penicillum and open heart surgery help to prevent this through valve replacement. Patient with rheumatic fever has elevated ASO titer; makes that their blood can be looked for streptolysin O antibodies; if levels are high, they have rheumatic fever. |
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What is necrotizing fasciitis?
What causes it? What is it also known as? |
rapid destruction of fibrous tissue that encloses and separates muscle
caused by S. pyogenes, aka “flesh eating bacteria” |
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Streptococci are gram BLANK cocci in chains that are BLANK negative.
Group A S. pyogenes produces BLANK hemolysis. This strain is BLANK sensitive and the confirmatory test is BLANK. |
positive; catalase
beta bacitracin; coagglutination |
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Important streptococci are classified by cell wall antigens by Lancefield
Groups A: ? B: ? C: ? D: ? F: ? G: ? |
Groups A: S. pyogenes
B: S. auglatine C: S. equi D: S. bovis F: S. anginosus G: N/A |
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BLANK BLANK is also known as pneumococcus.
Bacterial pneumonia is often a BLANK infection that follows BLANK infections of the BLANK respiratory tract. Bacteria ends up in the lung and fluid accumulates in lungs to produce BLANK. Complications of this illness lead to BLANK, BLANK (inflammation of the pleura), BLANK, and BLANK. |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
secondary; viral; upper edema meningitis, pleurisy, abscess formation, and septicemia |
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BLANK are lancet shaped streptococci, and can appear in pairs called BLANK.
They are usually BLANK hemolytic, lysed by BLANK BLANK, and growth is inhibited by and sensitive to BLANK. They have 85 different BLANK cell wall BLANK; led to a vaccine based on just a few BLANK ones. Symptoms seen are painful BLANK, BLANK, BLANK, etc. and sputum is BLANK red. Picked up through BLANK/BLANK reaction. |
Pneumococci; diplococci
alpha; bile salts; optochin antigenic; capsules; prolific coughing, chills, fever; rusty red quelling/quellung |
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Optochin is BLANK BLANK and inhibits the growth of BLANK BLANK.
This strain also produces an autolytic enzyme, BLANK BLANK (really long name) that solubilizes the cell wall peptidoglycan and results in BLANK BLANK. This is the basis of bile solubility; pneumococcal cells are incubated in BLANK BLANK and BLANK is observed. BLANK BLANK is capsular BLANK in the presence of antisera directed against capsular antigens. S. pneumoniae causes BLANK to BLANK% of pneumonia cases. |
ethylhydrocupreine hydrocholoride; S. pneumoniae
N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine amidase; cell lysis sodium deoxycholate; lysis Quellung reaction; swelling; antigens 60 to 70% |
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Legionnaires’ Disease is a form of pneumonia caused by BLANK, which is an BLANK, Gram BLANK rod first isolated in 1976.
This microbe has an incubation period of BLANK to BLANK days, and results in BLANK, BLANK, BLANK, as well as muscle aches, dry cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, diarrhea. This is usually described as a BLANK. Grows on medium containing BLANK and BLANK BLANK, BLANK yeast extract and BLANK BLANK agar base with L-cysteine and iron. |
Legionella pneumophila; aerobic, gram negative
2-10; headache, fever 104-105F, chills, etc. bronchopneumonia L-cysteine and iron salts; charcoal; Mueller Hinton |
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After plating Legionella pneumophila, colonies are visible after BLANK to BLANK days, after incubation at BLANK under BLANK CO2 tension.
Several ways to confirm identity: BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK. Mortality in untreated cases of Legionnaires’ Disease is BLANK to BLANK% and high with BLANK patients. 1,000 cases / yr in US and a milder form of the disease is called BLANK BLANK. It is treated with BLANK. |
4-5; 35C; 5%
immunofluorescence, DNA probe, ELISA 15 to 25%; immunocompromised Pontiac Fever ethromycin |
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Whooping cough is caused by BLANK BLANK which is a Gram negative BLANKbacterium that causes an acute respiratory disease.
Bacterium is transmitted through infected BLANK in the air and is highly BLANK. The toxin is BLANK BLANK. Symptoms are severe BLANK and gasps for air between coughing aka BLANK. A heat sensitive BLANK as well as an BLANK BLANK BLANK that increases cAMP levels contribute to the pathogenesis. Isolated on BLANK BLANK agar. Mild cases no treatment necessary, serious require BLANK, children immunized with BLANK vaccine. |
Bordetella pertussis; coccobacillus
droplets; contagious Pertussis toxin coughing; "whoops" exotoxin; extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase Bordet Gengou erythromycin; DPT |
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Diptheria is caused by BLANK BLANK, which is a Gram BLANK, pleomorphic BLANK shaped bacterium and an obligate BLANK.
It produces BLANK-BLANK bodies which are polyphosphate intracellular BLANK. Strains with the lysogenic bearing prophage produce the BLANK BLANK, which when cleaved into components BLANK BLANK and BLANK. Fragment A inhibits eukaryotic BLANK BLANK by modifying BLANK. Symptoms in throat include formation of a grayish BLANK, BLANK, and/or BLANK resulting in suffocation. Identification/isolation on the basis of BLANK containing BLANK with colonies appear black-grey. Exotoxin assayed using Guinea pigs or BLANK BLANK test. Most people usually die from... |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae; positive, rod, aerobe
Babes-Ernst; granules diphtheria exotoxin; fragment A & B protein synthesis; EF2 pseudomembrane, necrosis, and/or inflammation tellurite containing agar Elek gel diffusion pneumonia or something else. |
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--TB card 1--
Tuberculosis is caused by BLANK BLANK which is an BLANK BLANK organism that cell wall has a high lipid content. The cell wall is impermeable stains & nutrients so it grows slow. Cell wall contains BLANK BLANK, which are C78-C90 fatty acids. Have to heat and becomes wax aka BLANK. TB is a lung disease and transmitted by BLANK from coughs, causes a characteristic lesion in the lung called the BLANK. Lesions are part of the host response: 1. BLANK and 2. BLANK Occurs at primary site of infection and causes BLANK. |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis; acid fast
Mycolic acids; Wax D droplets; tubercule 1. Exudative and 2. Granulomation necrosis |
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--TB card 2--
Generation time is BLANK hours. Grows slowly on BLANK-BLANK medium. 2 to 6 weeks in 5 to 10 % CO2. Virulent strains grow in BLANK pattern of growth. M. tuberculosis does not produce endotoxin but does produce BLANK. Screen for exposure using the BLANK skin test. Injected into the forearm, examined at 48 hrs, look for zone of BLANK. TB is treated by BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK. In Europe, a vaccine BLANK-BLANK-BLANK (BCG) is used. It contains live, attenuated BLANK BLANK and is supposed to give immunity to TB but it actually does not. |
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Lowenstein-Jensen serpentine EXOtoxin tuberculin; induration Treatment: Sm, Rif, isoniazid. bacile-Calmette-Guerin; M. bovis |
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What is meningitis?
What is a bacteria that causes it? What vaccine prevents it? There used to be BLANK cases a year in the US, but now there are almost BLANK. |
An infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, that can be caused by a variety of bacteria.
H.influenzae type b; Hib vaccine 20,000; none |
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Disease of the digestive tract is BLANK most frequent cause of illness in the US after BLANK BLANK.
Oral cavity is BLANK during and after birth. BLANK BLANK is the major cause of tooth loss in people over 30. BLANK is the most common form; trench mouth involves BLANK of the gums. |
second; respiratory tract
colonized Periodontal disease Gingivitis; necrosis |
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BLANK BLANK is a sticky film of bacteria, embedded in a polysaccharide-glycoprotein matrix on the surface of teeth. How much of it is made of bacteria?
BLANK BLANK are the destruction of the tooth enamel by acid forming bacteria such as BLANK BLANK. The acid forming bacteria makes BLANK from BLANK which gives it adherence to teeth. |
Dental Plaque; 60-70%
Dental caries; Streptococcus mutans dextrans from sucrose |
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The digestive system consists of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine (YAY).
The numbers and diversity of the microflora increase in small intestine because the BLANK decreases. The large intestine has numbers as high as BLANK bacteria/g of fecal matter, as well as BLANK anaerobes and anaerobes. |
acidity
10^12 bacteria/g; facultative anaerobes |
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Bacteria can enter the GI tract via contaminated BLANK and BLANK and cause disease.
BLANK BLANK occurs when the infectious agent establishes an active infection in the small intestine. Disease occurs after the infection has BLANK. BLANK BLANK symptoms are the result of consumption of food or water contaminated by bacteria such as... (3 microbes) |
food and water
Food infection; multiplied Food intoxication Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringes, Staphylococcus aureus. |
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BLANK is a food intoxication caused by BLANK BLANK, an anaerobic Gram positive spore former.
First observed in the 18th century in the consumption of BLANK BLANK but now less then BLANK cases in US a year. The toxin is a potent BLANK that is observed in BLANK different types. Symptoms include weakness, dizziness, dryness of the mouth, blurred vision, usually observed 18-36 hrs post ingestion. Usually end up on a BLANK. |
Botulism; Clostridium botulinum
blood sausage; 50 neurotoxin; 8 respirator |
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Food borne BLANK BLANK was first described in 1976 is acquired through the ingestion of spores aka BLANK.
Different symptoms include weakness, weak neck muscles, paralysis, respiratory problems, and impaired BLANK BLANK. |
Infant botulism; “soils”
sucking ability |
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BLANK microgram of pure Botulinum toxin can kill a human being.
The toxin binds irreversibly to BLANK junctions and blocks the release of BLANK. It is detected using lab mice and treated with BLANK immediately. |
1 microgram
neuromuscular; acetylcholine antitoxin |
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BLANK food poisoning is food intoxication is caused by BLANK producing Staphylcoccus aureus.
BLANK different BLANK have been produced and implicated by S. aureus. Usually due to BLANK refrigerated foods, pastries, salad dressings, sliced meats. The bacteria grow in the BLANK and produce the BLANK. Nausea, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea are the usual symptoms. Symptoms appear in BLANK to BLANK hrs post exposure, resolved in BLANK or BLANK days. These are heat stable BLANK. |
Staphylococcal food poisoning; enterotoxin
Six different enterotoxins improperly refrigerated foods food; toxin 1-6 hours; 1 or few enterotoxins |
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Where is Cholera seen?
BLANK BLANK is the causative agent of this disease. It is Gram BLANK, curved BLANK, motile, oxidase BLANK, grows at pH 9.0-9.6. 2-5 day incubation period, abdominal cramps, appetite loss, vomiting, watery diarrhea aka BLANK BLANK BLANK loss of BLANK to BLANK liters per day. Non tissue invasive, but disrupts normal intraintestinal exchanges of BLANK and BLANK. The toxin consists of 2 subunits. The cholera toxin activates BLANK BLANK to convert BLANK to BLANK. Treatment: replace BLANK and BLANK, antibiotics do not shorten duration of illness. The infection requires as many as BLANK bacteria/ml. |
Seen in developing countries when fecal matter contaminates water supplies.
Vibrio cholerae; negative; rod; oxidase positive “rice water stools”; 10-15 liters water and electrolytes adenylate cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP. water and electrolytes 10^6 bacteria/ml |
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Typhoid fever is a BLANK infection caused by the Gram negative rod BLANK BLANK.
The disease is transmitted via contaminated BLANK and BLANK. The disease begins with BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK. In untreated patients the disease starts in the gut and multiplies and disseminates via the BLANK to other areas. Complications include intestinal BLANK or BLANK of the abdominal wall. BLANK colored spots appear on the abdomen. Approximately 37% of patients are BLANK BLANK and shed large numbers in their feces because the bacterium lives in their BLANK BLANK FUN FACT: Typhoid Mary aka Mary Mallon was an Irish cook in NY from 1896-1906 as a family cook in 7 families; caused 28 outbreaks. |
systemic; Salmonella typhi
food and water fever, abdominal pain and headache blood hemorrhages or perforation; Rose asymptomatic carriers; gall bladder |
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BLANK BLANK causes this milder and common form of this gastrointestinal disease called Salmonellosis.
Each year in the US BLANK cases are reported but be as high as BLANK million cases /yr. It is due to BLANK BLANK handling Symptoms include moderate fever, nausea, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Raw eggs also infected via BLANK in the shell and BLANK infections. |
Salmonella enteritidis,
40,000; 4 million improper food cracks; ovarian |
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Shigellosis is aka BLANK BLANK and is caused by a gram BLANK non-motile BLANK bacterium.
73% of shigellosis is due to BLANK BLANK, and 25% is due to BLANK BLANK. Disease characterized by fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, blood and BLANK in the feces. How is shigellosis different from salmonella? This genera does not BLANK lactose (lactose negative) or produce BLANK. NOTE: Patients usually recover without therapy. |
“bacillary dysentery”; negative; rod
Shigella sonnei (73%), Shigella flexneri (25%) mucus These bacteria do not penetrate the the intestinal mucosa. ferment; H2S |
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What Gram negative bacterium that causes abortion and infertility in cattle?
What two species cause disease in man from the animal reservoir? May be as common as BLANK. Isolated from BLANK in medium containing antibiotics to inhibit the other flora. |
Campylobacter
C. fetus and C. jejuni salmonellosis feces |
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Four groups of BLANK are associated with human intestinal disease.
Which is the worst and is seen in the news? What specific strain and syndrome? WASH YO LETTUCE and COOK INTERIOR OF BURGERS TO 160C! |
Escherichia coli
EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) hemolytic-uremic syndrome is associated with E.coli 0157:H7 |
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What bacteria is associated with 75-90% of peptic ulcers in humans?
Who figured this out? |
Helicobacter pylori
Two Australian physicians figured it out in the 1980’s by drinking it. |
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What is viral hepatitis?
This is an RNA BLANK, infects the intestine and spreads by the blood to liver, kidneys and spleen. Symptoms include: loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fever, discomfort and BLANK. NOTE: Hep A is from fecal Hep B is blood or fecal Hep C is worst, from blood, almost 4 million infections and causes BLANK BLANK |
A viral disease that is caused by 6 different types of this virus: A,B,C,D,E and G.
enterovirus jaundice liver disease |
