Micro3350 Topic 1

Front 1

Lecture 1:

Three main virus hypotheses?

1:

2:

3:

Back 1

1: Progressive or escape hypothesis

- viruses arose from genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells

2: Regressive or reduction hypothesis

- remnants of cellular organisms been reduced

3: virus-First hypothesis

- viruses predate or coevolved with their cellular hosts.

Front 2

Infection evidence found on dinosaurs? T/F

Back 2

True.

Osteomyelitis on stegosaurus tail

Dental records on many different dinosaurs

Front 3

Who was Java man?

Back 3

Homo erectus erectus

Femur showing osteomyelitis

Front 4

Human genetic resistance.

3 examples:

Back 4

Duffy antigen

- Duffy negative people are less susceptible to plasmodium vivax

Sickle Cell anaemia

Thalassemia

- abnormal haemoglobin production

Front 5

Where/When was the first written record of herbal remedies written?

Back 5

3000 BC, Iraq. "Sumerians of Mesopotamia

Front 6

What was the 1550 BC Eber's papyrus?

Back 6

Medical text aimed at:

-Physican

- Person treating external injuries

- Exorciser of Serqet

-Person treating snake/scorpion bites

-"Pure-priest of sekhment"

- Person treating aliments with no cures. I.e. Plagues.

Front 7

Who first discussed "Germ Theory"?

Back 7

Girolamo Fracastoro

Front 8

Germ theories 3 routes of contagion?

Back 8

Direct contact

Fomites (objects like clothes)

Airborne

Front 9

Very first evidence of vaccination?

Back 9

Mithridates, 120 BC

Habituated himself to lethal doses of poison.

Lived into his 70s when average life expectancy was ~35-40

Front 10

Who created the first effective smallpox vaccine?

Back 10

Edward Jenner, 1796.

Front 11

Germ theory of fermentation and early scientific method developer?

Back 11

Lewis Pastur

Developed:

- anthrax and rabies vaccine

- heat treatment for milk

Front 12

Who was the first to culture bacteria on Agar Media?

Back 12

Robert Koch

-also identified mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Front 13

What are the four Koch postulates?

Back 13

1: the microorganism must be found in abundance in all suffering from the disease

2: The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism grown in pure culture

3: the microorganism should cause disease if given to a healthy organism

4: The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased host and identified as the specific causative agent.

Front 14

Three examples of 20th century antibiotics

Back 14

-Procyanase

-Prontosil

-Salvarsan

Front 15

What are some current challenges?

Back 15

Global epidemics

-SARS, MERS

Lethal outbreaks of hyper virulent viruses

- Tuberculosis, Zika

Antibiotic resistance

Crackpots.

-antivaxers etc..

Front 16

Lecture 2: Commensal Flora:

What is the major site of commensal flora?

Back 16

Body surfaces.

Front 17

Commensal Flora are acquired from the mother Before, During or After birth?

Back 17

During birth and from the environment

Front 18

Four benefits of commensal flora:

Back 18

1: Prevent the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria

2: Produce most of our Vitamin K and B12

3: Aid in food absorption. (Breaking down of large molecules)

4: Degrade harmful compounds

Front 19

Innate Immunity:

Three example of Antibacterial secretions

Back 19

1: Skin lipids

2: Lysozymes in saliva/tears/intestine

3: Gastrointestional secretions

- Stomach Acid

- Bile Salts

Front 20

List some of the Factors Influencing Commensal Flora. (7 total)

Back 20

1: Temperature

2: Oxygen

3: Nutrient supply

4: Humidity

5: Body secretions

6: interaction with other organisms

7: Antimicrobials

Front 21

List 3 factors that influence Commensal Flora

Back 21

1: Antibitoics

2: Non-antibiotic drugs

- Proton pump inhibitors

3: Change in imune status

Front 22

List some ways commensal flora can become a pathogen

Back 22

1: Breach of normal innate defences

2: imunocomprimised host

3: Overhrowth due to disturbances in normal control methods

-Candida vaginalis following antibiotic therapy

- Alterd bowl movement flollowing gastroenteritis.

Front 23

Commensal Flora are True Pathogens? (T/F)

Back 23

False.

Front 24

What are True Pathogens?

Back 24

Pathogens that always cause disease even in healthy patients.

Also, cause disease more readily in immunocompromised patients.

Front 25

What are Opportunistic Pathogens

Back 25

Pathogens that rarely cause disease in individuals with efficient immune system.

Many are apart of normal human flora

Front 26

A successful pathogen must be able to? (5 things)

Back 26

1: Enter the hosts body

2: Multiply in tissue

3: Damage the tissue

4: Resist host defences

5: Exit the host

Front 27

Pathogen:

Steps in the infectious process: (5 steps)

Back 27

1: Transmission of the pathogen to the host

2: Enters the host (With or without attachment) to skin or mucus membranes

3: Local multiplication and spread on the surface or mucous with or without tissue invasion

4: Systemic spread and multiplication

5: Exit from host

Front 28

List some ways a pathogen damages the host (4 ways)

Back 28

1: Invasion and multiplication within tissues

2: Toxin production

3: Immunopathology

4: Combination of all.