Mats Oral Board Rac 5 Part 3

Front 1

Speed differential or comparison is sometimes required in the application of longitudinal separation. How is it calculated?

Back 1

When a speed differential or comparison is required by these separations:

• the same speed reference, applicable to the phase of flight, shall be used, e.g. IAS to IAS, and
• if IAS is used, the speeds shall be checked when the aircraft are within 4000 feet of one another prior to applying the separation.

Front 2

Detail the separations based on Time, between departing aircraft from the same aerodrome? 1/3

Back 2

The following applies to aircraft departing from the same aerodrome (see also Wake Turbulence):

• T1 between take-offs if the leading aircraft is of the same or faster performance and they are to fly on tracks diverging by at least 45° immediately after take-off. Where the leading aircraft is to turn more than 90° action must be taken to ensure the departure track of the following aircraft does not cross the departure track of the leading aircraft.
• T1 may be used where the leading aircraft is slower provided the leading aircraft reports established on a track that diverges by at least 45° from the track of the following, prior to the following aircraft being cleared for take-off.
• T1 shall not be used where both aircraft are to turn in the same direction and the angle of turn of the following aircraft is greater than the angle of turn of the leading aircraft;

Front 3

Detail the separations based on Time, between departing aircraft from the same aerodrome? 2/3

Back 3

T2 between take-offs when the leading aircraft will maintain a speed of 40 knots or more faster than the following aircraft, and both aircraft propose to follow the same exact track or tracks that diverge by less than 45º.

Front 4

Detail the separations based on Time, between departing aircraft from the same aerodrome? 3/3

Back 4

T5 while vertical separation does not exist if a departing aircraft will be flown through the level of a preceding departing aircraft and both propose to follow the same exact track or tracks that diverge by less than 45°. Action must be taken to ensure that T5 is maintained or increased while vertical separation does not exist.

Front 5

Detail the domestic separations based on Time between aircraft at the same level on crossing tracks?

Back 5

• T10, if NAVAIDs permit frequent determination of position and speed; or
• T5 in the following cases provided that a preceding aircraft is maintaining a speed of 20 knots or more faster than the succeeding aircraft:

▪︎between aircraft which have departed from the same aerodrome; or

▪︎between enroute aircraft which have reported over the same significant point; or

▪︎between departing and enroute aircraft, after the enroute aircraft has reported over a significant point that is so located in relation to the departure point as to ensure that five-minute separation can be established at the point where the departing aircraft will join the air route; or

• T3 in the above cases provided that the preceding aircraft is maintaining a speed of 40 knots or more faster than the succeeding aircraft.

Front 6

Describe the domestic separations based on Time between aircraft at the same level on Crossing Tracks?

Back 6

T10 at the intersection of the tracks while vertical separation does not exist provided NAVAIDs permit frequent determination of position and speed.

Front 7

Detail the domestic separations based on Time between aircraft climbing and descending on the same track?

Back 7

• T10 while vertical separation does not exist provided ground-based navigation aids or GNSS permit frequent determination of position and speed; or
• T5 while vertical separation does not exist, provided that:

▪︎the level change is commenced within 10 minutes of the time the second aircraft has reported over a common point derived from ground-based navigation aids or waypoint determined by GNSS.

Front 8

Detail the domestic separations based on Time between aircraft climbing and descending on crossing tracks?

Back 8

T10 at the intersection of the tracks while vertical separation does not exist provided NAVAIDs permit frequent determination of position and speed.

Front 9

Detail the domestic separations based on time, plus any alternative options, between aircraft climbing and descending on Reciprocal tracks?

Back 9

• T10 prior to and after the estimated time of passing. This standard need not apply when it is confirmed that the aircraft have passed each other by:
• both aircraft having reported crossing a common ground-based navigation aid; or
• T1 after the second aircraft has reported crossing a common significant point; or
• mutual sighting, provided that there is no possibility of incorrect identification; or
• another separation standard.

Front 10

Use of longitudinal separation based on distance is subject to specific provisos. What are they?

Back 10

The use of longitudinal separation based on distance is subject to the following:

• direct controller/pilot VHF voice communication being maintained; and
• the aircraft are flying either directly inbound to or directly outbound from the same DME station and/or collocated waypoint, or the same waypoint; and
• when applying these separation minima between any aircraft with area navigation capability, controllers shall specifically request GNSS derived distance; and
• the aircraft to which a GNSS distance is being applied specifies "G" in item 10 of the flight plan.

Front 11

Use of DME for separation has limitations due to slant and horizontal range. Describe the three limitations to the use of D20 and D10?

Back 11

In order to avoid slant range situation, where one or more of the conflicting aircraft is utilizing DME the following limitations shall be used:

• D20 separations are valid for any altitude/flight level;
• D10 separations are valid up to and including FL290, provided that both aircraft are on the sameside of a DME station;
• D10 separations are valid up to and including FL150 when aircraft are on opposite sides of a DME station.

Front 12

Detail the separations based on distance between aircraft at the same cruising level and on the same track?

Back 12

• D20 provided that separation is checked by obtaining simultaneous DME and/or GNSS readings from the aircraft at frequent intervals to ensure that the minimum is established and will not be infringed.
• D10 provided that the leading aircraft maintains a speed of 20 knots or more faster than the following aircraft,

Front 13

Detail the separations based on distance between aircraft at the same cruising level and on crossing tracks?

Back 13

• D20 provided that separation is checked by obtaining simultaneous DME and/or GNSS readings from the aircraft at frequent intervals to ensure that the minimum is established and will not be infringed, and

▪︎The relative angle between the tracks is less than 90°

• D10 provided that the leading aircraft maintains a speed of 20 knots or more faster than the following aircraft

▪︎The relative angle between the tracks is less than 90°

Front 14

Detail the separations based on distance between aircraft climbing and descending on the same track?

Back 14

• D20 while vertical separation does not exist
• D10 while vertical separation does not exist, provided that either

▪︎the leading aircraft maintains a speed of 20 knots or more faster than the following aircraft, or

▪︎one aircraft maintains level flight while vertical separation does not exist

• D10 where the succeeding aircraft is instructed to reach separation level D10 prior to the last DME or GNSS distance report of the preceding aircraft.

Front 15

Detail the separations based on distance, plus any other options, between aircraft climbing or descending on reciprocal tracks?

Back 15

• D10 Vertical separation shall be applied until it is positively established that the aircraft have passed each other by not less than 10NM

This standard need not apply when it is confirmed that the aircraft have passed each other by:

• both aircraft having reported crossing a common ground-based navigation aid; or
• T1 after the second aircraft has reported crossing a common significant point; or
• mutual sighting, provided that there is no possibility of incorrect identification; or
• another separation standard.