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449 Cards in this Set
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PACKET 1: PHYSICAL EXAM
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PACKET 1: PHYSICAL EXAM
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The reproductive status is important in the treatment of a cow.
When is an owner more likely to cull his cow? |
if she's open or in early pregnancy
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What is an important question to ask when presented with a sick animal?
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When was the last time she was NORMAL?
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What kind of toxins should you look for in the environment?
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lead, toxic plants, ethylene glycol
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What are some things to think about if she's NWB?
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subsolar abscess or fracture
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What's something to think about if her front legs are crossed?
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laminitis
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What should you think if a male has his back legs stretched out?
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urinary blockage
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What should you think about if they have their front legs winged out?
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thoracic or cranial abdominal pain
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normal RR
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10-30 = camelid
12-36 = cattle 16-40 = goats 30-60 = calves 30-72 = sheep 40-68 = kids |
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What are the 5 F's?
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Fat, Fluid, Fetus, Flatus, Food
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Pear = bilateral ventral distention. What are some of your differentials?
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pregnancy, uterine hydrops, ascites or peritoneal effusion
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Apple = bilateral dorsal distention. What are some of your differentials?
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ruminal gas or severe gas distention of other viscera
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When we see a cow with papple (left dorsal displacement and right ventral displacement), what should we think of?
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Forestomach emptying peoblem, eg with vagal indigestion
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PE sequence. Go.
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Ass, left: HL, abd, paralumbar fossa, thorax, FL, left: HL, abd, paralumbar fossa, thorax, FL, then head then rectal.
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What do we check on the ass end of a neonate?
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For atresia ani or atresia coli
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What are we checking out on the tail?
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Peripheral temperature, ventral coccygeal artery pulse, discharge on underside of tail (females)
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What do we check on the perineum?
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Choeioptic mange in cattle, wool strike in sheep, maggots in calves with scourers
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Which LN are on the caudal aspect of the mammary gland?
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Supramammary LN
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Dipstixk urinalysis...
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Is part of the minmum database!
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Urine collection in different species
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Cow: stroke
Ewe, sow, doe: be ready to catch it, theyll pee when they stand up Ewe, doe: hold off their nares til they pee Camelids: either bring them to the communal dung pile (wtF), or clip a collecting cup to the hair under their pee organ |
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Normal rectal temps
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99.5-101.5 in camelids
101.5-102.5 in cows 102-103.5 in small ruminants Slightly higher in the babies (by about half a degree) |
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What LN do you palpate in the flank kist craniodorsal to the stifle?
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Prefemoral
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Hahaha what is pizzle rot?
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Ulcerative posthitis in small ruminant males.... Brown, wet, smelly scabs at the orifice
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What is the proper name for the milk vein and what do we check it for?
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Subcutaneous abdominal vein
CHF --> excess distention IV injection --> thrombus, emboli, infection (--> fever, malaise) (its indistinct on small ruminants) |
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Hows a neonatal umbilical infection gonna present?
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Enlarged, firm, painful, discharge
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How do you confirm diagnosis of a suspected umbilical infection OR suspected inguinal hernia?
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Ultrasound!
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How many veins are in the umbilicus and what do they become?
Arteries? |
Someone tell me, i missed the 1st class....
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Who has mammary quarters?
Halves? |
Cows have quarters
Small ruminants and camelids have halves |
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What might hot quarters mean?
Cold? |
Hot = mastitis
Cold = gangrene |
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What do you do after collecting milk samples (eg for CMT)?
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Dip/disinfect teat ends
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In small ruminant males what do you always have to palpatw?
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The bladder....they are prone to obstruction. Put both hands on either side of the flank, if the UB is distended you will feel it.
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What are you PEing on the left paralumbar fossa?
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Ruminal contractions, palpating, pings
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Normal ruminal contractions =
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2-3 every 2-3 min in cattle
In camelids, they are more frequent and less audible (5-7 C1 contractions q 2-3 min) |
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What do we normally palpate on the left paralumbar fossa?
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Dorsal pliant gas cap, middle doughy fiber mat, ventral fluid pliancy
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What are the two locations were going to listen for Left sided pings?
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At the paralumbar fossa, then dorsal to the transverse processes (down from the tuber coxae to the olecranon)...zig zag
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Whats a ping on the lower left?
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Left PDA
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What IS a ping?
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The resonant sound of gas-filled viscous
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What are the 2 major causes of left-sided pings?
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LDA and free gas bloat in the rumen
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Free Gas Bloat =
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Linear ping along the transverse processes
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Succussion is...
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Stethoscope at last ICS ... "punch" to listen for splash = fluid content of viscous
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Causes of left sided splash =
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Grain Overload, LDA
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Why does grain overload result in a left-sided splash?
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Hyperosmolality in the rumen from carb overload leads to fluid accumulation in the rumen
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Why does LDA lead to a left-sided splash?
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BecUsw fluid cant exit the abomasum
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Withers Pinch Test in a non-painful cow -->
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Lordosis (scottching down)
If she doesnt, she prob has thoracic or cranial abdomen pain OR shes just stoic. Basically, the only value of this test is to RULE OUT PAIN. |
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Lung field in cattle =
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6th to 11th ICS
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Why bag the cow when auscultating the lungs?
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Incr CO2 = incr depth of respiration
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What might reduced or quiet lung sounds mean?
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Shallow respirations, thick body wall, or f
Uid within the pleural space |
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What might increased or loud lung sounds mean?
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Thin body wall, inflammation or edema within pleural space
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Wheree do you check for subq emphysema?
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Dorsum of the body (feel for crepitation)
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What are pleural friction rubs?
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IDK but they make a fine grating noise
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What do wheezes sound like?
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Musical notes
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What do crackles sound like?
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Fine popping sounds
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What are normal respiratory sounds calles?
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Bronchovesicular sounds
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Where is the hearts aoex? PAM? Located on a cow (where are you physically going to be putting your stethoscope?)
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Apex at left olecranon
p = deep left axilla A = 1-2 ribs in front of the olecranon m = immediately inside the elbow |
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What is S4?
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Atrial contraction, which can commonly be heard in cattle
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What might result in ,uffled heart sounds?
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Pericardial effusion, displaced heart from a mass
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What would produce a splash on cardiac auscultation?
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Pericardial effusioon
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Normal HRs in the different species
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60-80 = cattle
60-90 = camelids 60-120 = sheep 70-110 = goats 80-140 = cria 80-140 = calves 120-160 = small ruminants |
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Where do you palpate for the prescapular LN?
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At the pount of the shoulder, push forward to feel it pop
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What do the prefemoal and prescapular LN have in common?
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They are normally relatively indistinct so its normal not to feel them
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Brisket...look for what 2 things
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Edema or emphysema
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What do you check the jugular veins for?
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Thrombus, phlebitis, distention
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Whats a false jugular pulse?
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Flickwring of the vein near the thoracic inlet from the pulsing of the carotid artery beneath it
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Whats a true jugular pulse?
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The entire vein pulsates and is visibly distended
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What are we doing at the right abdomen?
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Borborygmi, ballottement of fetus, ping, succession
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Borborygmi
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Increased motility = diarrhea
Decreased = anorexic Absent = impaction or volvulus |
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How do you ballotte for a fetus?
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On the right hard of the abdomen
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What causes right sided pings (3 thongs sp far)
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RDA, abomasal volvulus, cecal dilatation/volvulus
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Location of RDA?
Can you rectal palp it? |
Dorsal, within last 5 rib spaces
No |
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Location of abomasal volvulus?
Can you rectal palpate it? |
Same as RDA--dorsal, within last 5 rib spaces
Normally no--if you can its bad news bears |
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How does a cow with abomasal volvulus present?
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Very sick very quickly
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What's the location of a cecum that is dilatated or volvulus...ed?
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dorsal right paralumbar fossa
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What does a celcal dilatation/volvulus feel like w/ rectal palp?
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loaf of italian bread
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What are some reasons cattle grind their teeth?
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nervous, ketosis, painful
(nervous like they're scared or nervous like neuro i do not know) |
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Why might a cow have cold ears?
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hypocalcemia
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Why might a cow have bottle jaw?
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low blood protein or right heart failure
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When should you be sure to wear gloves when working around a cow's head?
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if she is showing neuro signs or recent behavioral changes (rabies eeeek!)
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Where are the submandibular LN located?
Palpable? |
medial to the mandibular ramus
normally can't be felt |
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What's a telltale sign of an UNHEALTHY cow?
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dirty nose!
(remember they lick that ish a lot = no man left behind (boogers eaten too) |
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What is NORMAL nasal discharge?
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small amount of serous discharge
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Why do you look at the philtrum of small ruminants & camelids?
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if it's deviated from the midline, it could indicate facial nerve dysfunction
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What might ear edema mean?
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bluetongue
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What's the location of the parotid LN?
Can you palpate it? |
base of ear
normally not felt |
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CN VII paralysis means the animal can't...
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blink (among other things of course)
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What's the pupil shape of a bovine?
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oval
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You should check the scleras for icterus.
What normally causes icterus in large animals (vs small animals)? |
hemolysis (vs cholestasis in small animals)
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What can you see when a camelid burps?
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ha. normally there is a visible gas wave traveling up the esopahgus
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What might swelling of the throat latch mean?
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proximal esophageal obstruction (choke)
retropharyngeal abscess lymphadenitis cellulitis |
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What unique male structures do you feel on rectal palp of a bull or steer?
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pelvic urethra
prostate seminal vesicle ampulla |
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If a bladder is distended (eg a steer w/ urinary blockage), where might the bladder extend to that is within reach during rectal palp?
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may occupy the ventral 1/3 of the pelvic canal
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What's the location of the internal iliac LN?
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cranial to iliac shaft (at 4 & 7oclock)
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What does a normal rumen feel like on rectal palpation?
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doughy, oval organ on the left
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Where is the left kidney located on rectal palpation?
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to the right of the midline.
that's right. |
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What do bovine intestines feel like on rectal palp?
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mush.
If they are distended with gas or volvulused (what the heck is the word for that?) you feel individual loops |
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A cecum is distended. Where are you going to rectally palpate the apex (rounded end)?
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it extends caudally into the pelvic cavity
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You plan on placing a rumen fistula in a healthy cow, to replace a herd's former fistulated cow after she went to market.
What rationale would you have for putting her on ABx? |
prophylaxis--to limit or prevent tissue infection subsequent to intraoperative contamination.
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What is a good ABx for targeting rumen microbes?
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penicllin
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Give an example of Metaphylaxis.
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Giving ABx immediately before or after cows are trailered--this is providing coverage during the period they are at highest risk for developing infection (eg Shipping Fever in this case)
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How important is it to put a cow on ABx if you are removing an emphysematous fetus via c-section?
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very! no matter how good of a sx you are, there will be contamination of the surrounding tissues!
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Pneumonic (is that how you spell this word??) for bacteriostatics =
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Fuck the MeTS
Florfenicol Macrolides Tetras Sulfonamides |
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Pneumonic for bactericidals =
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VIP BARF'ed
Vancomycin Isoniazid Potentiated sulfas Beta-lactams Aminoglycosides Rifampin Fluoroquinolones |
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When is the only time a bacteriostatic is appropriate?
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if the patient's immune system is intact--eg we're not going to use these in an FIV+ cat to keep the bacteria at bay while the cat's body fights it off... no, that is what cidals are for
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What kind of AB will you use in a calf with sepsis from failure of passive transfer?
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cidal! This is a life-threatening infection in a baby w/ no immune system. Cidals all the way!
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CNS infections are dangerous. What two properties must an antibiotic have to treat this type of disease?
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cidal & lipid soluble (gotta penetrate the BBB)
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Which drug is either static or cidal depending on the organism you're targeting, and the concentration of the drug?
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Lincosamides (lincomycin, clindamycin)
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What kind of drug concentrates in the urine?
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water-soluble of course
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Name 6 intracellular bacteria (that are obviously targeted with lipid-soluble antibiotics)
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SLAMMS
Salmonella Listeria Anaplasma Mycobacterium Mycoplasma Staph |
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Name 2 nephrotoxic groups of antibiotics?
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aminoglycosides & tetras
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Why don't we use aminoglycosides in FAs, even tho they're legal?
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cause there's an 18 mo withdrawal period = riiiiidiculousto keep track of
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Rumen microbes will metabolize most antibiotics except for which 4?
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chlortetracycline
rifampin sulfadimehtoxine (& some other sulfas) tylosin "ChlorRifSulTy" |
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Name 4 antibiotics that are known to be irritating to the tissues, esp when given IM
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PETT
Pen Erythromycin Tetra Tylosin |
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PETT are irritating when given IM. Which 3 drugs are not?
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Ceftiofur
Ampicillin Aminoglycosides |
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What's a potential side effect of sodium iodide?
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perivascular sloughing
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Name 5 antibiotics that can have severe (even fatal) rxns if given IV.
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Tilmicosin
Erythromycin Procaine Pen G Florfenicol Long-Acting Tetras |
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What does FARAD stand for?
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Food Animal Residue Avoidance Database--they will suggest withdrawal times
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What are 3 important considerations when developing a withdrawal time?
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1. The longer you treat with an antibiotic, the longer you need to extend your recommended withdrawal time.
2. SQ inj leave a depot of drug that is more slowly absorbed than small volume IM drugs 3. If large vol (>10ml) of a drug are given in a single injection, residues persist @ that site, then show up in milk & tissues for a prolonged period of time. |
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T/F Extra-label use of drugs is a vet's right.
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False--it's a professional privelege granted by the CVM
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There are a ridiculous # of drugs that are prohibited for EXTRA-LABEL USE in FAs.
couple o C's couple o D's bunch of shit ending in -a-z-o-l-e Then those furazolidone thiiiingies Sulfas can't be given to those lactating cows Fluroquinolone - tweet tweet tweet Glycopeptides too Bute ain't for no dairy cow over 2 |
Ok i started singing that to the kit kat song then it turned into rockin robin....jus ignore this
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What would be a good drug of choice for treatment of Hairy Heel Warts? (digital dermatitis)
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Tetracylcines (topically or in the footbath)
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Why shouldnt you use oral tetras in herbivores?
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Fuck up the rumen bugs
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What is the macrolide that will kill a human if they accidentally inject themselves?
What is the MOA of this drug? |
Tilmicosin
Blocks Ca2+ channels --> CVS collapse |
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T/F. Tits and Ass are better at 30.
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True--tetras and aminoglycosides = 30s
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Which drugs inhibit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase?
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Rifampins
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Which two drugs work by binding to 50s?
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Ls and Ms = 50
Lincosamide & macrolide |
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What class of antibiotics is used to treat swine dysentery?
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Lincosamides
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Adverse side effect of lincosamides in horses and cattle?
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Enterocolitis
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What is the only NSAID specifically labeled for use in cattle?
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Flunixin meglumine... The use of phenylbutazone is discouraged in beef cattlw and illegal in dairy
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Phenylbutazone is more appropriate for MSk or visceral pain?
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MSk
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Hixh NSAID is used for endotoxemia caused by toxic mastitis, metritis, or MSk disease?
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Flunixin (Banamine)
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What is the correct route to administer Banamine?
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IV
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Name 3 indications for use of aspirin in FAs
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DIC
Sepsis Endotoxic shock |
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Pleuro-mitilans are used in which species?
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Pigs
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You are administering Tiamulin in pigs feed. What kind of disease a you most likely treating?
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Swine respiratory disease, gram +
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Florfenicol is a popular answer choice on VetPrep. This drug has a broad spectrum, covering gram + & - aerobes & anaerobes.
Name two specific bacteria it targets, and 2 types of dz it can be used for. |
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia
Pneumonia, CNS Infection |
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What is a good drug of choice for chronic granulomatous or pus ?
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Rifamycins
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Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis likes to cause
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Abscesses
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Dont use Macrolides in conjunction with _____
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Lincosamides
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What drug could you use for Toxoplasma?
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Lincosamides
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T/F. Fluoroquinolones are an obvious first choice for bacterial infections.
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False. Save these for established bacterial infections that havent responded to conventional antibiotics
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Name two restrictions on the use of fluroroquinolones in cows
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Cant use them extra-label. Cant use them in lactating dairy cows
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Tetracyclines are appropriate for intra or extracellular bacteria?
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Intracellular
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Name some pathogens that tetracyclines inhibit.
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Anaplasmosis
Pink Eye Rickettsiae Spirochetes Chlamydia Mycoplasma |
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Macrolides are a good choice for pneumonia because...
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They penetrate diseased tissue well
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Sulfonamides can be used to treat enteritis in: babies or adults?
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Babies! Cause they dont have a functional rumen yet
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Whats a good drug for Foot Rot?
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Sulfonamides or Beta-lactams
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Who CANT you use sulfonamides in?
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Dairy cows
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What drug Is good for Clostridial infections?
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Penicillins!
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What drug treats Coccidia?
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Sulfonamides
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T/F. The penicillins are especially good at penetrating bone, CNS, and eyes.
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False
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Possible drug for rumenotomy or hardware disease?
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Penicillin
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Possible drug for toxic metritis?
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Penicillin
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Possible drug for Foot rot?
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Penicillin
Sulfonamides |
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Possible drug for pink eye?
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Penicillin
Tetracycline |
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If you are performing a routine surgery and want to protect against contamination with skin microbes, what drug could you use?
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Penicillin
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Possible drugs for bone infection?
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1st gen cephalosporins
(lipid soluble drugs) |
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Possible drugs for meningitis/penetrating the BBB?
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3rd gen cephalosporins
Florfenicol (lipid soluble Drugs) |
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Possible drug for Coccidia?
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Sulfas
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Possible drug for urine infection?
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Sulfas
(water soluble drugs) |
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Possible drugs for Mycoplasma?
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Sulfas
Tetras Macrolides Lincosamides Fluoroquinolones Rifamycins Pleuromitilins |
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Possible drugs for pneumonia?
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Sulfas
Tetras Florfenicol (lipid soluble drugs) |
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Treatment for hairy heel warts aka digital dermatitis?
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Topical tetracyclines
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Possible drug for Anaplasmosis?
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Tetracyclines
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Possible drug for Toxoplasmosis?
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Lincosamides
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Treatment for swine dysentery?
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Tetracyclines
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Drugs to treat swine respiratory disease?
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Pleuromitilins (pleuro...makes sense)
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Possible drug for treatment of sepsis and DIC?
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Aspirin
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Possible drugs for endotoxic shock?
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Aspirin and flunixin (banamine)
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NSAID for musculoskeletal pain > visceral pain?
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Phenylbutazone
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Abscesses are best penetrated by water or lipid-soluble drugs?
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Lipid-soluble drugs penetrate abscesess better
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What kind of drugs a best for bacteremia (ie bacteria in the ECF)? =)
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Water-soluble drugs
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PACKET 3: RESPIRATORY DZ OF RUMINANTS
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PACKET 3: RESPIRATORY DZ IN RUMINANTS
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Which side of the lung is bigger and why is this important?
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Right.
Cause youll be doing lots of PMs so you should know its normal |
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What kind of a mediastinum does a cow have? Horse?
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Cow = complete
Horse = incomplete |
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The extensive CT septae that cows have in their lungs leads to what two things?
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No collateral ventilation and limited exchange
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What are the three consequences of having little CT'y lungs?
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Reduced heat tolerance
Decreased resistance to pathogens High air flow rates transport bacteria to lung |
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Normal breath sounds are called bronchovesicular sounds. What do they represent?
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Broncho = air movement thru larger airways
Vesicular = regional ventilation by segmental bronchioles |
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Adventitious sounds are abnormal. Crackles are _____ and wheezes are continuous.
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Discontinuous sounds
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Crackles = air bubbling thru secretions. Name the differentials for crackles (5)
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Pneumonia
Interstitial fibrosis COPD CHF atelectasis |
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Wheezes represent ________ of the airway walls before complete closing (expiratory wheezes) or opening (inspiratoey wheezes).
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Oscillations
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Sliding or stretching of inflamed pleural surfaces create what kinds of sounds?
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Rubbing or creaking sounds
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Name 7 things causing decreased bronchovesicular sounds.
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Thick body wall
Pleural fluid Mass in pleural space Pneumothorax Consolidated lung Lung mass Pulmonary emphysema |
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Name 5 things reaulting in increased bronchovesicular sounds.
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Thin body wall
Rapid respirations Deep respirations Pulmonary inflammation Pulmonary edema |
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Ruminant lung sounds are difficult to hear. What can you do do to increase RR & depth of breathing?
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Rebreathing bag
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What effect on respiration do rebreathing bags have?
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Increase RR and depth of breathing = increased bronchovesicular sounds
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What 3 findings are you looking for with thoracic U/S in a suspected peumonia case?
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Fibrin tags (comets tails)
Abscesses Thoracic fluid |
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What test are you going to perform on a cow for cytology samples when you suspect pneumonia--TTW or BAL?
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TTW to prevent contamination from the mouth
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Nasal swabs are crap cause there are so many commensals that live in there you dont know which could be causing problems in the lower airway.
That being said, which organism is NOT a nasal commensal that could be seen on nasal cytology (she mentioned in class) |
Mycoplasma bovis, which is a cause of respiratory disease
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What is the causative agent of mycotic nasal granulomas in cows?
|
Rhinosporidia (rhino = nose, sporidia = mycoses)
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Nasal discharge and epistaxis are two obvious CS of a mycotic nasal granuloma (and other nasal problems). If you do endoscopy and visualize the lesion what would be treatment of choice?
|
Surgical removal and odium iodide
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If she presents a case of Allergic Rhinitis, what breed is she going to use?
|
One of the Channel breeds (Jersey or Guernsey) or Fresian cows--these all DAIRY cows (not beef)
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Describe a cow with Allergic Rhinitis.
|
Itchy!! (sneezing, head shaking, rubbing her nose)
Nodules & Pale pink flat plaques all around her nose Lots of thick bilateral nasal discharge (mucopurulent or caseous) |
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When are you most likely to see a dairy cow suffering from Allergic Rhinitis?
|
Warm moist weather when the pollens & spores are on the attack
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Whats the cause of Enzootic Nasal Tumors and what species gets it?
(ENT) |
Retrovirus Sheep >>>>goats
(Ovine Nasal Adenocarcinoma Virus = ONAV....or CNAV in goats) |
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Whats the first thing the farmer is going to notice in a ENT sheep?
How is the animal going to present to you in late stages of the disease? |
Weight loss (theyre hypoxemic, so theyre lethargic and dont eat as much)
Theyre going to be STRESSED (like freaked out cUse they cant breathe). They will be dyspneic, with increased RR & abdominal breathing. She will have decreased air flow from one of her nostrils. This is different than a pneumonia animal which will be depressed. |
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What are your 2 main rule/outs for a small ruminant with weight loss?
|
Parasites
Pneumonia |
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Hat does an ENT tumor look like on endoscopy?
|
Big pink spongy mass
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Whats the treatment for ENT?
|
You can remove or debulk it if this is a valuable animal or a pet. But these tumors will always recur cUse its caused vy a retrovirus, so most of these animals will be euthanized.
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Do ENTs metastasize?
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Noep, they are just locally invasive
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What pathogen causes Lumpy Jaw in cattle?
|
Actinomyces causes lumpy jaw (M = mandible)
Actinobacillus ligniersi causes woody tongue |
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What are the four causes of Sinusitis?
|
#1 = dehorning a cow older than 6 mos
Tooth root abscesses (esp in camelids) Actinomyces (lumpy jaw) Trauma |
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Why does dehorning cause sinusitis AFTER 6 mos of age?
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Cause @ 6 mos, the frontal sinus has extended up into the horn (called the cornual diverticulum) so dehorning = opening the frontal sinus
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What sinus communicates with the horn?
|
Frontal sinus
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Does sinusitis have systemic effects?
|
Yes, their production will go down, ie decreased milk production and weight gain
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CS of a cow with sinusitis
|
Pus from poll or nose
Skull pain on palpation (or youll observe him head pressing, holding the head at weird angles) Changes in air flow and foul breath |
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Percussion of sinuses should sound hollow.
What will it sound like in a cow with sinusitis? |
Dull, full sound (cause its full of pus)
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How are you going to treat sinusitis?
|
Trephination and daily flushing with povidone iodine or chlorhex)
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What is a good drug of choice for dealing with sinusitis pus?
|
Penicillin
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Whats the commonest cause of pharyngeal trauma in FAs?
|
Careless use of shit like balling guns, dose synringes, etc
Other cause = rough feedstuffs or wire FB |
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Is the pharynx upper or lower resp tract?
What phase of respiration will be labored in a cow with pharyngeal trauma? |
Upper = inspiratory
Stertorous inspiratory sounds & prolonged inspiratory phase |
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A bunch of feedlot calves have a painful sopping wet cough w/ high fevers 106!).
What do they have and what are your ABx choices? |
Calf Diphtheria (Necrotic Laryngitis)
SOP = sulfonamides, oxytet, procaine penicllin (this is also a dz that you may need to use steroids, eg a one-time dose of Dexamethasone to get the inflammation down so they can breathe again) |
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Infection of the larynx w/ ________ causes necrosis. This is Calf Diphtheria.
|
Fusobacterium necrophorum
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What 4 things have we learned about Fusobacterium so far?
|
Foot Rot in cows
Necrotic Laryngitis in calves Liver abscesses Brown watery exudate |
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Is the larynx upper or lower resp tract?
Will Necrotic Laryngitis cause inspiratory or expiratory dyspnea? |
Inspiratory
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Acute septicemia is associated with elevated levels of what two things on bloodwork?
|
WBC (neutrophils +/- bands) & fibrinogen (cows love to push out fibrinogen when theyre sick)
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When a calf has Necrotic Laryngitis, all that coughing creates erosions and ulcerations which can/will? ultimately lead to necrosis of the arytenoid cartilages.
Over time, this damage can result in which condition? Is this something were worried about in our feedlot animals? |
Chronic Roarer
Not really, feedlot cattle dont live very long til theyre sent to slaughter, so this wont be an issue in their lifetime |
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Is calf diphtheria (caused by Fusobacterium) a primary condition or is secondary?
|
Its secondary to resp disease such as Mannheimia, IP3, BRSV, IBR, which create damaged mucosa for the Fusobacterium to penetrate and cause its inflammation, edema, and necrosis.
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You decide to sacrifice one of these sick feedlot calves you suspect have Calf Diphtheria to do necropsy. What will you see?
|
Caseated pus pockets around the larynx
(thick, inspissated pus) |
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Whats your bovine respiratory disease that is non-infectious in cause & therefore the animal is non-febrile?
|
Tracheal stenosis or collapse due to men being idiots
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What are your top 3 causes of tracheal stenosis/collapse in a calf (therefore making a good history extremely important)?
|
Dystocia (did they have to put chains around his neck to pull him out of his mom?)
Roping injuries (is he used for rodeo?) Improper neck restraint (check out the other calves in the barn....lotta times theyll forget to change their collars as they grow) |
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What are the top two problems in beef cattle on cow-calf operations & feedlots, resulting in major economic losses?
|
Bovine Resp Dz complex & diarrhea
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When are you typically going to see an outbreak of BRDC?
|
In feeder calves 7-10 days after theyre shipped to their new home (sweet home). (remember that pic she showed us of feedlots? Its like bringing a bunch of kids together in one big room? Theyre all gonns get germy & sick)
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Whats the tip of the iceberg problem she talked about with bovine resp dz?
|
For every cow that is showing CS, the are ~10 in the herd that a hiding it.
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What do postmortem studies (PM) tell us about bovine resp dz?
|
That were not treating it effectively AND were not diagnosing the dz in all the sick animals. Resp dz decreases production = major economic losses!
(animals treated for pneumonia still had nasty lungs on PM, and animals never diagnosed or treated for pneumonia ALSO had nasty lungs) |
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What is your fastest, most efficient way to make a diagnosis of which agent is causing respiratory dz in a herd?
|
necropsy --gross lesions are distinctive & then you can do bacterial culture
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What three things factor into bovine resp dz?
|
Virus, bacteria and stress factors
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What are the 2 bacteria and 3 viruses --> bronchopneumonia?
|
Mannheimia & Histophilus
IBR, BVD, PI3 |
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What are the two agents leading to interstitial pneumonia in cattle?
|
BRSV & Fog Fever
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Bronchopneumonia results in consolidation of which lung field?
|
Cranioventral
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What does interstitial pneumonai result in pathologically?
|
Edema & emphysema
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What usually happens first--bacterial or viral pneumonia?
|
Usually viral, then bacteria come in secondarily & set up shop
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What is Red Nose?
|
A really red nose, usually caused by herpes-1
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|
What diseases do the following bovine herpes result in?
1.1 1.2 1.3 |
1 = resp & abortions
2 = resp & genital (Inf Pustular Vaginitis/Balanoposthitis) 3 = neuro |
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Herpes viruses remain latent (hidden) in the _______ nerve til the animal becomes stressed (eg being trailered to a new home that sucks) & then it causes illness.
|
Trigeminal
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Herpes lives in the trigeminal ganglia til the animal becomes stressed, then it travels out of the body thru _____________ to infect all the calf's new friends.
|
Tears and nasal secretions
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Who gets sicker from resp IBR? Beef cattle or dairy?
|
Beef cattle on feedlot
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Are you going to see IBR in babies, 6 omos+ or adult cows?
|
6 mos& up
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Why is it called IBR.?
|
Inf bovine rhinotracheitis (nose & trachea)
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**If you have a cow with respiratory dz & CONJUNCTIVITIS** what do you suspect?
|
IBR
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If an animal has early viral pneumonia (with no secondary bacterial component) how does he look on PE compared to a cow with bacterial pneumonia?
|
They usually have a serous nasal discharge, higher fever, and are hydrated when you catch it this early.
Vs the bacterial pneumonia which is later stage: lower fever (?), mucopurulent discharge, and depressed/dehydrated. This is when you hear crackles/wheezes/pleural friction rubs. |
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|
Whats the wimpiest respiratory virus of them all?
|
PI3--theyll feel crappy for a couple of days but they get over it
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Describe the agents involved with Enzootic Calf Pneumonia.
|
Viral infection with PI3, IBR, or BVD then they get a Pasteurella infection on top of it
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Describe the signalment for an animal with IBR.
|
6 mo+ feedlot calf
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You do a PM on one of several sick feedlot cattle. You see bronchopneumonia and a nasty trachea. What is it?
|
Its IBR
(sewer pipe trachea) |
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|
Why would you give a viral pneumonia steer (eg if he has IBR) antibiotics?
|
Cause bacteria will invade causing secondary infection
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|
Whats the deal with vaccinating against bovine herpes-1?
|
There are MLV & killed vx (given IM or SQ) recommended starting @ 6 mos of age (the age most of thse guys start getting IBR!*).
In the face of an outbreak, some vets will give the herd intranasal vx to rev up their short-term immunity |
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|
Why are nasal swabs considered appropriate means of virus isolation in a live animal?
|
Cause viruses arent a normal inhabitant of thr nasal cavity (vs bacteria)
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|
Tho IBR is usually diagnosed based on CS, if you have somebody wanting a definitive diagnosis, what could you do during necropsy?
|
Send out tissue for Fluorescent Antibody staining (its FAb-ulous)
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PI3 is that wimpy paramyxovirus (paramyxo, parainfluenza) that causes mild resp & febrile dz in cattle.
What do we have to know about Ab @ PI3? |
Almost everyone is exposed to it throughout their life, so as they get older their Ab titer will increase, making serology an unacceptable form of diagnosis.
Because Ab increase with age, calves are most likely to get PI3. |
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What lesions do you see on PM of a cow with PI3?
|
First of all, this virus is unlikely to kill an animal (unless they get a nasty bacterial pneumonia on top of it) so youre prob not doing necropsy on it.
Either way, necropsy lesions are rarely seen. |
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Are you gonns put a herd on antibiotics if theyve got PI3?
|
Sure, you dont want them to get a secondary bacterial pneumonia
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What a the two bovine resp viruses belonging to the Paramyxo-virus family?
|
PARAinfluenza 3
BRSV |
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|
Why is it called BRSV?
|
Apparently the virus has a cytopathic effect in culture which produces mass fusion of cells (called syncitium?)
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Who does BRSV have highest M/M in?
|
Young animals
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When were feeling for subq emphysema along the dorsum of the body wall, what virus are we looking for?
|
BRSV
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What kind of pneumonia does BRSV cause, making it similar to 3MI CS & necropsy findings?
|
Interstitial pneumonia =
BRSV & Fog Fever aka 3MI |
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T/F. Early CS of BRSV are non-specific.
|
True
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T/F. Crackles are consistent with an emphysematous lung.
|
True
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What are the lungs gonna look like on necropsy of an animal that died from BRSV?
|
(Interstitial pneumonia)
Expanded, wet lung Subpleural & interstitial emphysema Interstitial edema Emphysematous bullae (which can rupture --> subq gas) Secondary bacterial pneumonia is common (vs bronchopneumonia lungs which are red/black with consolidation & crepitation) |
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Histopath of a BRSV lung often reveals _________ in the bronchiolar & lung tissues.
|
Syncitial cells (something about lots of protoplasm from cells merging with each other)
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Hows your treatment going to differ between early BRSV & a steer thats about to die?
|
Early on just give antibiotics & NSAIDs
If the animal is bad you can do steroid (dexamethasone) & lasix |
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What type of feeds are you going to avoid for your BRSV herd?
|
The "fog fever feeds" --legumes, lush grasses
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|
What is THE single most important cause of resp dz in cattle?
|
Mannheimia haemolytica
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|
Mannheimia has many virulence, probably thr most important being:
|
Endotoxins
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|
Mannheimia has a lot of endotoxins, what are some effects?
|
Prett bad CS--dehydration, increased HR, injected sclera
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Where is Mannheimia usually found in a cow?
|
Its a common isolate (commensal) of the nasopharynx. But when the cow is stressed, the bacteria move to the lower airways --> pneumonia
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Whats the #1 PM finding in cattle with Mannheimia pneumonia?
|
Marked hepatization of more than 1/3 of the lungs
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What three diseases are in the same family of viruses (in cows, sheep, and pigs)?
|
BVD
Hog Cholera Border Dz |
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|
What is the most common cause of mortality from Mannheimia?
|
Fibrinous pneumonia
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Why do cattle with Mannheimia-induced fibrinous pneumonia take rapid shallow breaths?
|
Cause their lungs are glued to their ribcage from all the fibrin
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|
Nasal swabs or TTW of a Mannheimia pneumonia cow yield what results?
|
Purely Msnnheimia +/- Pasteurella
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Pleuritic friction rubs, consolidated cranioventral lung lobes, marked dyspnea, & an expiratory grunt make you think of what disease?
|
Mannheimia bronchopneumonia
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|
You do a TTW on a pneumonia Steer and it reveals Mannheimia exclusively. What ABx are you going to put him on?
|
Depends on culture....gotta do drug sensitivities with this
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T/F. Vx @ Mannheimia is considered a core vx.
|
False. This bacteria doesnt cause many devastating losses in the cattle industry, and its a really $$ vx, so most people dont bother with it
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|
What are the major intracellular ions?
|
K, H, P
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|
|
What a the major extracellular ions?
|
Na, Cl, Ca, Mg
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|
|
What is the normal osmolality of blood?
|
280-320 mOsm/L
|
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|
What is the kidneys job in fluid therapy? (3)
|
Maintain daily fluid balance
Osmolality Electrolyte concentration in the blood |
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|
List some common reasons for fluid therapy in cows (ie the things causing dehydration or hypovolemia)
|
Diarrhea in babies
Septic or endotoxic shock (from toxic mastitis or metritis) Choke Dysphagia Nephrotoxins |
|
|
Hypovolemia means there isnt enough blood volume to perfuse tissues.
This can be the result of pure water loss or salt&water loss. What are some causes of salt&water loss? |
Vomiting, diarrhea
Diuretics 3rd spacing |
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|
What is the definition of dehydration?
|
Loss of water alone
|
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|
ECF loses water&salt
Pure water loss (dehydration) comes from... |
Total body water (1/3 ECF & 2/3 ICF) .... So it takes a lot more water loss for dehydration to have the same effects on perfusion as salt&water loss
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|
What are the 6 clinical findings indicating a FA needa fluids?
|
Tacky mm with prolonged CRT
Prolonged skin tenting Sunken eyes Increased HR Slow jugular filling Cool extremities |
|
|
What are the 7 biochem parameters indicating fluids are necessary?
|
Increased PCV
Increased Total solids Azotemia Hypernatremia Increased lactate High USG High blood osmolality |
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|
Name 4 things that prevent oral fluids from being a viable option.
|
Ileus (eg from hypoCa or shock)
Hypovolemic shock (GIT isnt perfused so nothing will be absorbed) If the gut doesnt have intact mucosa Greater than 8% dehydration |
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|
3 disadvantages of oral fluids.
|
Slow absorption rate
Labor intensive (stomach tubes) No oral sucrose in neonates... |
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|
What is the predominant effect of volume resuscitation using crystalloids?
|
Expansion of the extravascular space
|
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|
What veins are you going to use for an IVC in the different ages/species?
|
Always try for the jug in ruminants
Auricular vein in pigs or cattle that only require small volumes--no dextrose! Cephalic or saphenous in small smR & crias Lateral thoracic (spur) vein in pot bellies |
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|
If a baby is severely dehydrated you could dump 1-2L of fluids intraosseous to get the jugular vein to fill up for an IVC.
What are the two IO access sites? |
Iliac shaft
Tibial tuberosity |
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|
You can NOT give dextrose via what 2 routes?
What 2 routes can you give dextrose? |
Cant via auricular vein or subq
Can IV or intraperitoneal |
|
|
Two potential side effects of intraperitoneal administration of fluids?
|
Chemical peritonitis & bowel laceration
|
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|
How do you know the stomach tube is in the rumen?? (3)
|
Negative pressure
Feel "2 tubes" in left neck Blow into tube & have someone listen to the left paralumbar fossa for the bubbling sound from the rumen |
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|
What are some indications for a temporary fistula? (3)
|
Tetany (requires long-term supportive care)
Pharyngeal or esophageal trauma If you need to feed them (too great a volume to get down a stomach tube) |
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|
You can drench a cow with what 3 things (for example)?
What can you never ever ever give orally? |
Propylene glycol
Calcium Dewormer Never ever ever give mineral oil orally--they WILL aspirate it & die |
|
|
Who are calf feeders aka esophageal feeders for?
|
Babies without a suckle reflex--it passes down the esophagus (you dont have to worry about it going fown the trachea apparently its impossible)
|
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|
Whats one of the only times youll ever give meds rectally?
|
For Grass Tetany, you might have to provide Mg (via Epsom salts dissolved in water) in the ass
|
|
|
What is Grass Tetany?
|
Hypomagnesemia
|
|
|
When would you use oral propylene glycol?
|
For a ketotic cow--its broken down to glucose
|
|
|
What do you always have to remember about fluid therapy?
|
To always encourage voluntary water intake (adding salt to the water or molasses may encourage drinking)
|
|
|
Hypotonic fluids such as _________ will distribute ______ to all fluid compartments in the body.
|
5% dextrose
Evenly |
|
|
These fluids are excellent at providing rapid, tho transient, plasma volume exoansion.
They require ________ times the volume that actually needs to be replaced. |
Isotonic crystalloids
3x |
|
|
Hypertonic fluids are used in ______ volumes to pull fluid from the _________ into the _________ & _________.
|
Small volumes
From the intracellular space into the blood & interstitium |
|
|
LRS is an alkalinizing solution that contains physiologic amounts of what
|
Na
Cl K Ca (some Lactate) |
|
|
What do we know about acetate?
|
It can be utilized at the tissues without having to go thru the liver
|
|
|
What is a benefit of Acetated Ringers solution?
|
Contains acetate instead of lactate.
Acetate = energy source utilized by tissues |
|
|
What a 2 examples of acetated ringers?
|
NormoSol R
Plasma-Lyte |
|
|
What is isotonic sodium bicarbonate used for?
|
To correct metabolic acidosis.
It is not used for volume resuscitation |
|
|
Why is isotonic sodium bicarb contraindicated in the treatment of respiratory acidosis??
|
Bicarb is metabolized to CO2 which is what a resp acidotic cow has too much of already
|
|
|
What tonicity does 5% dextrose have?
|
Hypotonic, cause it only contains glucose which is immediately metabolized & the animal is left with pure water (which is obviously hypotonic compared to plasma)
|
|
|
3 indications for 5% dextrose admin? ...or actually that might be 50% i gotta ask lunn
|
Pregnancy toxemia
Ketosis Hypoglycemic baby |
|
|
2 indications for 50% dextrose?
|
Ketosis* to provide energy
Anorexic diarrhea calf |
|
|
How does hypertonic saline steal fluid from the extravascular space?
|
It causes a transient hypernatremia (lots of Na in the blood)
|
|
|
Do colloids increase oncotic or osmotic pressure?
|
Oncotic
|
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|
Colloids are not used alone. They are combined with:
|
Crystalloids
|
|
|
What are 2 possible side effects of colloids?
|
Coagulopathies and immune reactions
|
|
|
What are the 2 common situations that require plasma therapy in ruminants?
|
Hypoproteinemia and FPT
|
|
|
Whats the deal with camelids and fluid erapy?
|
They like to become hypoproteinemic when administered fluids, so giving them plasma w/ crystalloids is a smart idea
|
|
|
What are 4 indications for plasma administration?
|
FPT
hypoproteinemia W/ crystalloids for fluid therapy in camelids For animals that need clotting factors |
|
|
Ruminants very rarely require blood transfusions. What test do you have to run before giving one?
|
Screen for donor diseases, eg BLV
(you do NOT have to cross-match) |
|
|
What IS hetastarch?
|
A high MW glucose polymer
|
|
|
Can you administer non-sterile IV fluids to a cow?
|
Yes of course. A cow will survive anything...except the slaughter house
|
|
|
How many liters is a gallon?
|
3.785
|
|
|
How many ml in an oz?
|
30
|
|
|
Generally speaking, about how many gallons are we going to make at a time for a calf vs an adult cow?
|
1 vs 5. (adults might need 40 gallons total but since were mixing up non-sterile solutions we do 5 galloms at a time in the carboys)
|
|
|
What sre the 3 commonest homemade fluids you will make?
|
0.9% NaCl & 1.3% NaHCO3
(dextrose) |
|
|
How many mEq Na+ in a gram?
|
17
|
|
|
How many mEq K+ in a gram?
|
14
|
|
|
How many mEq NaHCO3 in a gram?
|
12
|
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|
To make isotonic sodium bicarb (1.3% solution), how many grams of NaHCO3 do you need per liter?
|
13
13g/L = 1.3% |
|
|
What are you going to use as your source of NaHCO3 for homemade bicarb solutiona.
|
Arm & Hammer baking soda
|
|
|
How many grams (& therefore cc's) of baking soda does it take to create 1 gallon of isotonic bicarb soltuion?
|
49.2
|
|
|
How many cc (or grams) odf table salt per gallon do you need to create a 0.9% NaCl?
|
26.2
|
|
|
How many grams of dextrose are in a 5% solution?
|
50 grams/L
|
|
|
What are the three parts of every fluid plan?
|
Correct the deficit
Maintenance fluids On-going losses |
|
|
If you determine a 1500# animal to be 6% dehydrated, how many liters of fluid are you going to have to pump in her to fix just her deficit?
How many gallons is that? |
40 L
11 gallons (you gotta use her BW in kg for this calculation) |
|
|
A 680 kg cow is 8% dehydrated. What is her fluid deficit (in liters and gallons)
|
54.4 L
14.3 gallons |
|
|
Easy way to calculate maintenance fluids on an animal?
|
1-2 ml/#/hour
|
|
|
Determine the maintenance fluids for a 1500# cow
|
36 L/day
|
|
|
What are the commonest sources of on-going losses in ruminants?
|
Diarrhea or milk
(choke) |
|
|
How can you measure on-going losses in a dairy cow?
|
Weigh her milk! 8# = a gallon
|
|
|
How do we account for urinary loss?
|
Its part of the maintnenace fluids...so unless the cow is polyuric you can ignore urine output
|
|
|
What are the 3 fluids we measure (or estimate) to calculate on-going losses?
|
Diarrhea
Milk Saliva (urine if PU) |
|
|
What is the shock fluid dose?
|
80ml/kg/hour
|
|
|
What is aggressive fluid rate?
|
40 ml/kg/hr
|
|
|
Who do you use maintenance fluid rates on?
|
Animals who are mildly dehydrated or patients that you have already corrected the fluid deficit
|
|
|
What should maintenance fluids for an adult cow be (approximately)?
|
36 gallons.....so if you get 5 or 100 or something, double check your calc
|
|
|
What should bicarb be in an adult cow?
|
25 mEq/L
|
|
|
IV bicarb must never be given with ________. Why?
|
Calcium
Bicarb + Ca --> limestone |
|
|
Bicarb is metabolized to what in the body?
|
Water & CO2
|
|
|
Because bicarb is metabolized into CO2, we mus closely monito....
|
Respirations. With increased CO2, RR will increase.
If this cow has pneumonia or is recumbent she is not going to be able to breathe out the CO2 and will become more adicemic |
|
|
How do you determing bicarb levels given a TCO2?
|
TCO2 - 1 = bicarb
|
|
|
How do you calculate base deficit?
|
25 - patients bicarb = base deficit
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So we calculated the base deficit. How do we determine how many mEq bicarb the patient needs to receive?
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BW (kg) x 0.6 x base deficit = mEq bicarb needed
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A gallon of isotonic bicarb contains how many mEq of bicarb?
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590 mEq
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Most cows that are sick and off feed will have what electrolyte imbalance?
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Hypokalemia
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Where do ruminants get their K+ from?
Where do ey lose it from? |
Forages (thats why ana norexic cow will be hypokalemic)
Urine. Even if theyre not eating thyre still peeing K+ out (this also leads to hypokalemia) |
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At high levels, K+ is...
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Cardiotoxic
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When it comes to K+, we must not exceed a rate of...
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0.5 mEq/kg/hr!!!!
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What metabolic condition causes hyperkalemia?
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Metabolic acidosis (H+ hides in the cell, kicking K+ out into the blood)
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You have a severely dehydrated calf with diarrhea. Her HR is low. Explain why this is abnormal.
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In a severely dehydrated animal, SV is low so you would expect a high HR to compensate.
With diarrhea, the body is pushed into an acidotic state. H/K+exchange --> hyperkalemia, which causes bradycardia |
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What are 3 treatments to correct hyperkalemia?
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Bicarb (to correct the acidosis)
Glucose (insulin causes reuptake of K+ into cells) Calcium (stabilizes cardiac membranes) |
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What are the 2 common causes of hypernatremia?
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Chronic water deprivation
Excess sodium ingestion (eg incorrect milk replacer) |
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Describe the pathophys of hypernatremia leading to cerebral edema.
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When the animal is hypernatremic, it means the blood has more Na+ than the cells. This would result in intracellular fluid moving into the blood, shriveling up the cells. The brain doesnt want to die, so it creates "idiogenic osmoles" inside its cells that attract water inside them.
Well, lets say we find this severely dehydrated animal and start giving it lots of fluid. The blood is going to become isotonic again (instead of hypernatremic) but the BRAIN CELLS still have those "osmoles" inside! So right now we have isotonic blood but hyperosmotic brain cells, so whes the fluid going to go? Its gonna rush inside the brain cells --> cerebral edema This means we have to be super careful about rehydrating s hypernatremic patient |
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Most animals are NOT hypernatremic, so fluids are fine 99% of the time.
But what about that calf that IS? What signs will you see shortly after beginning fluid therapy? |
Mydriasis
Depression Convulsions |
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What do you do when you realize youre giving fluids to a hypernatremic patient?
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Stop fluids
Give dex & mannitol to decrease ICP Diazepam for seizures |
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What physical parameters do you want to monitor in your fluid patient?
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HR
RR & effort Body weight Edema Ueine production CVP |
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HR should decrease with fluid theraoy. If they remain tachycardia, what does this mean?
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Poor CO so you might have to increase your fluids
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What 2 bad things can we do with our fluid therapy that increases RR & effort?
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Fluid overload --> pulmonary edema
Bicarb admin to an animal that is resp acidotic or has pneumonia or isnt sternal |
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3 common areas of edema formation in cows?
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Brisket
Ventral (calves' conjunctiva) |
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Will CVP iincrease or decrease with volume overload?
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Increase
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What should the relationship between PCV & TS be during fluid therapy?
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They should rise or fall together--if the PCV is rising but protein levels are falling, --> edema = bad
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What should BUN/CT do in a patient receiving fluids?
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They should decrease (youre hydrating the patient, thus correcting the cause of prerenal azotemia)
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T/F. Milking cattle can become hypocalcemic when they experience endotoxemia.
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True
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What electrolyte do you have to supplement with for an animal that is off feed?
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K+
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What should the relationship between PCV & TS be during fluid therapy?
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They should rise or fall together--if the PCV is rising but protein levels are falling, --> edema = bad
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What should BUN/CT do in a patient receiving fluids?
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They should decrease (youre hydrating the patient, thus correcting the cause of prerenal azotemia)
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What should USG do as you hydrate a patient?
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It shiuld decrease
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T/F. Milking cattle can become hypocalcemic when they experience endotoxemia.
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True
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What electrolyte do you have to supplement with for an animal that is off feed?
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K+
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What should USG do as you hydrate a patient?
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It shiuld decrease
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THE ACUTE ABDOMEN ..... INTESTINAL DISEASE
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THE ACUTE ABDOMEN.....INTESTINAL DISEASE
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What are your two broad differentials for an ADR cow that is off feed?
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metabolic
acute intestinal problem |
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What pathologic lesion does volvulus of the root of the mesentery cause?
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ischemic necrosis
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Who is volvulus of the mesenteric root more common in?
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dairy cows (vs beef)
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Mesenteric volvulus = really bad colic (uncommon in cows!). How is she acting?
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down, rolling, kicking....she's really really painful
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If you find a cow acutely dead one morning from a mesenteric volvulus, what do you expect to see on external examination?
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abdominal distention
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What's her TPR going to be?
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extreme tachycardia & tachypnea....HR >120, RR >80
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Where will you see the abdominal distention in a cow w/ mesenteric volvulus?
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right plf....pings!
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The most important part of the PE on a cow with suspected mesenteric volvulus = rectal exam. What will you palpate?
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multiple loops of distended SI...this is VERY ABNORMAL....remember, distinct loops of SI should never be palpated rectaly
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What does bloodwork look like in a cow w/ mesenteric volvulus?
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normal! this all happens so quick that
a) no time for changes, and b) who runs bloodwork on a cow that's dying & needs to be cut ASAP?! |
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With surgery, the prognosis for mesenteric volvulus is:
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poor.
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What's a trichobezoar?
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hairball! who knew CATTLE could get hairballs. big dumbs.
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Where do hairballs like to lodge?
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SSSSSSSS'sssss
SI & Spiral colon |
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In general (& in the case of hairballs), what does chronic proximal intestinal obstruction cause on bloodwork?
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hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis
high PCV/TS (also elevated rumen chloride cause it's stuck in the forestomachs) |
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In general (& in the case of hairballs), what does distal intestinal obstruction cause on bloodwork?
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nada
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With ischemic necrosis & peritonitis, what changes do you see on labwork?
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metabolic acidosis w/ relative hyperkalemia (why?)
inflammatory leukogram (neutrophilia...haha that's all i remember) high PCV/TS |
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How do you treat hairball obstruction?
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surgery
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Who is most susceptible to intussusception in the food animal world?
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cattle & camelids of all shapes, sizes, and sex....totally sporadic disease (tho one study said it's most common in calves under 2 mos)
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What is the most common site of intussusception in cattle?
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SI
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What comes out of the butt when a cow has intussusception?
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after a day, poop stops, & blood & mucus commences (ew)
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Clin path of a cow with intussusception?
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increased PCV/TS/BUN/CT
(after awhile...hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis) hypoCa, Na hypERglycemia |
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Where in the SI do most intussusceptions occur?
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distal jejunum
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What are the results of rectal exam on a cow w/ intussusception?
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no feces in the rectum
distended SI loops blood/mucus on glove |
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Treatment for intussusception?
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surg
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What can mesenteric fat necrosis cause?
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intestinal obstruction in cattle
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Which breeds are most affected by mesenteric fat necrosis?
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Channel Island breeds (Jersey & Guernsey) & Angus....remember that brainiac who recited the text to Lunn when she saw her first case? (badass)
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What are two things implicated in development of mesenteric fat necrosis?
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long-chain saturated FAs
endophyte-infected fescue |
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What's bloodwork like on a cow w/ mesenteric fat necrosis?
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hypocholesterolemia
elevated serum FAs |
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Prognosis for mesenteric fat necrosis?
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um not good...there's no treatment...tho they're using a fungicide called Isoprothiolane in Japan?!
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Disorders of the cecum tend to occur in:
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adult dairy cattle within 60 days of parturition
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Where would you hear the "ping" associated w/ a cecal dilation or volvulus??
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WHAT!! There's no answer in the notes!!!
ok, answer is right plf |
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Oops, hairball question i forgot to ask--what do you see on U/S?
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bright white areas (hyperechoic)
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What do you feel on rectal palp of a cecal dilatation?
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loaf of bread
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When do LDAs & cecal dilatations occur?
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beginning of lactation (within 2 mos of parturition)
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What causes cecal dilatation?
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abnormal fermentation (remember, some fermentation occurs in the cow's cecum)
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What's worse--cecal dilatation or cecal dilatation & volvulus?
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D&V of course!
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How's a dairy cow w/ cecal dilatation & volvulus gonna present?
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sudden anorexia
NO milk production high HR (>100) no rumen contractions no poop kinda like an abomasal volvulus, but not quite as critical/dehydrated |
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Bloodwork of cow w/ cecal dilation/volvulus?
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hypochloremia
hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis |
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How do you treat simple cecal dilatation?
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Magnesium (laxative)
IVF coarse high-fiber diet (to get the feces moving) Calcium (hypocalcemia promotes ileus) |
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How do you treat cecal volvulus?
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surgery
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What causes rectal prolapse?
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tenesmus (from diarrhea or parasites)
chronic coughing (pneumonia or lung parasites) straining (dystocia, urethral obstruction, advanced pregnancy, SOLs eg fat necrosis) |
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What kind of epidural do you give a ruminant with rectal prolapse--to stop the straining?
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caudal epidural
(lumbosacral is for urinary stuff) |
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What are the two biotypes of C. perfringens in cattle?
Toxins? |
A&E types
toxins = alpha, beta, epsilon, iota |
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How do you detect the C. perf toxin?
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Perfringens = PCR on the gut contents
(for horses too) |
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What causes Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS) in cattle?
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Clostridium perfringens, Type A
(& possibly Aspergillus) |
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what's going on with the SI in HBS?
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peracute, progressive, segmental submucosal & intraluminal hemorrhage of the SI
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When do you see HBS in cattle?
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dairy cows during early lactation
(just like DAs, cecal D/V) |
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T/F Tho HBS is usually a sporadic disease in dairy herds, clusters of cases can occur.
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True
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What predisposes to HBS?
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stress
moldy feed (Aspergillus) factors that enhance intestinal growth of C perfringens... |
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How's a cow with HBS gonna present?
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sudden death...or rapid debilitation, tachycardia, cool extremities (all blood is pooling in intestines, no blood going to the periphery)
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What are the feces going to look like with HBS?
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melena (dark, tarry +/- blood clots)
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What can HBS lead to in addition to hemorrhagic feces & cardiovascular collapse?
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intestinal obstruction (--> abdominal distention & colic)
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Why doesn't rectal palpation reveal distended loops of SI with HBS???
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cause the intestine is so heavy with blood, that it sinks too low for your hand to reach
(tho if there is gas distention you may be able to palpate distended loops) |
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What are DDx for HBS?
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intussusception
intestinal volvulus abomasal ulceration |
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HBS bloodwork?
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hyperglycemia (dying cow)
azotemia (totally dehydrated) low NaCl, K |
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What will you do on necropsy of an apparent HBS?
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send gut clots out for PCR for C. perf, Type A
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What's the prognosis for HBS?
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death
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ummm sooo is C perfringens proven to cause HBS?
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i guess not?
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T/F C perfringens is more common when a cow is fed a predominantly hay diet.
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false--high grain diets enhance C perfringens in the intestinal tract
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A fat healthy lamb dies. What happened?
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Overeating Disease (enterotoxemia from C perfringens Type D)
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Is C perfringens type D a normal gut inhabitant?
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yes
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What is responsible for the pathogenic effects of C perfringens type D?
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the exotoxins it produces
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When do preruminants (young ruminants) develop Overeating Disease?
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when they drink too much milk...
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When do adult ruminants develop Overeating Disease?
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grain overload (or protein overload)
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Of the following, which is NOT likely to cause Overeating Disease?
lots of milk grass hay lush pasture concentrate |
grass hay
lots of milk, lush pasture, and concentrates --> Overeating Disease |
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T/F Gut lesions are always seen with Overeating Disease.
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false! This enterotoxemia can kill a sheep so fast there's no time for lesions to develop!
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What is a secondary neurologic disease of enterotoxemia from C perfringens type D?
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focal symmetrical encephalomalacia
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Which toxin causes focal symmetrical encephalomalacia?
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epsilon
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Do they develop diarrhea with Overeating Disease?
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if they're alive long enough for diarrhea to occur (remember, sudden death might occur)
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Succinylcholine
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Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. Selective for motor nicotinic receptor.
-causes flaccid paralysis Tx: malignant hyperthermia |
