Lesson 14

Front 1

Immune response

Back 1

Physiological process coordinated by the immune system to eliminate foreign substances

Front 2

Antigen

Back 2

Foreign substances

Front 3

Innate immunity

Back 3

Inborn, ancient protection existing in one form or another in all eukaryotic organisms

Front 4

Adaptive immunity

Back 4

Immunity that matures over time with responses tailored to the pathogens encountered

Front 5

Immune

Back 5

Specific protection conferred by adaptive immunity

Front 6

Susceptible

Back 6

Vulnerability or lack of immunity

Front 7

Characteristics of innate immunity

Back 7

Present at birth

Defense against any pathogen

1st and 2nd lines of defense

Front 8

Components of the first line of defense

Back 8

Intact skin

Mucous membranes

GI tract

Chemical factors

Normal microbiota

Front 9

How does intact skin defend

Back 9

- Stratified squamous epithelium provides thick, tough barrier

- Contains keratin (insoluble protein)

- Sloughing of outermost layer and removing transient microbes

- Low moisture inhibits microbes

Front 10

How do mucous membranes defend

Back 10

- Mucous traps microbes

- Cilia move microbes away from lungs by ciliary escalator

- In respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts

Front 11

How does the GI tract defend

Back 11

- Peristalsis, defecation, vomiting expel microbes from GI tract ( usually in reponse to microbial toxins)

- acidic pH in stomach kills most microbes

Front 12

How do chemical factors defend

Back 12

- Tears, saliva, mucous have lysozyme (enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan)

- Urine, sebum, gastric juices have acidic pH

- Sweat has high salt and lysozymes

Front 13

How do normal microbiota defend and example

Back 13

Keep other microbes out by secreting chemicals, should not be eliminated with handwashing

- Ex. E. coli in large intestine produces chemicals to inhibit growth of salmonella and if conditions change it can become an opportunistic pathogen

Front 14

Physical barriers example

Back 14

Intact skin

Front 15

Mechanical barrier example

Back 15

Mucous membranes, GI tract

Front 16

Chemical barrier example

Back 16

GI tract (stomach acid), chemical factors

Front 17

Normal microbiota characteristics

Back 17

Good microbes

Keep other microbes out by secreting chemicals

Should not be eliminated with handwashing or cleaning products

Front 18

Opportunistic microbe and example

Back 18

Cause disease when host is weakened

- Ex: E. coli, S. aureus

Front 19

Components of second line of defense and examples

Back 19

- Formed elements: cells in blood (leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes)

- Phagocytosis: neutrophils, monocytes

- Inflammation: heat, pain, redness, swelling are symptoms

- Fever: endotoxin releases pyrogens to induce fever

- Antimicrobial substances: histamine, prostaglandin, leukotrienes, cytokines, interferons

Front 20

Formed elements and what they do

Back 20

Leukocytes (WBC): fight infection

Erythrocytes (RBC): transport O2

Thrombocytes (platelets): clot formation

Front 21

Natural killer cell characteristics

Back 21

Lymphocytes

Related to T cells but don't act specifically

Front 22

Mast cell characteristics

Back 22

Specialized tissue cells similar to basophils that trigger local inflammatory reactions (allergic symptoms)

Front 23

Which leukocytes are granulocytes

Back 23

Neutrophils

Basophils

Eosinophils

Mast cells

Front 24

Which leukocytes are agranulocytes

Back 24

Monocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells)

Lymphocytes (B, T, NK cells)

Front 25

Neutrophils function, %, characteristics

Back 25

Phagocytes that are active during initial infection

60-70%

Leave blood and enter tissues

Front 26

Lymphocytes function, %, characteristics

Back 26

Lead to antibody production

20-25%

In tonsils, spleen, red bone marrow, lymph nodes

Front 27

Monocytes function, %, characteristics

Back 27

Phagocytes (macrophages)

3-8%

Largest, macrophage/ dendritic cells

Front 28

Eosinophils function, %

Back 28

Produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, reduce inflammation

2-4%

Front 29

Basophils function, %

Back 29

Release histamine

.5-1%

Front 30

Leukocytosis

Back 30

Increase in leukocytes (meningitis, mononucleosis, appendicitis)

Front 31

Leukopenia

Back 31

Decrease in leukocytes (chemotherapy, radiation, some viral infections like HIV/AIDS)

Front 32

Phagocytosis and steps

Back 32

Process of investing a pathogen or cellular debris

Steps:

1. Chemotaxis: chemical attraction of phagocyte to pathogen by chemical receptors

2. Adherence: attachment to pathogen

3. Ingestion: engulfs pathogen

4. Digestion: enzymes (lysozyme) breaks down pathogen

Front 33

Causes of inflammation

Back 33

Microbial infection, cut, burn, chemicals, allergies, etc

Front 34

Symptoms of inflammation

Back 34

Heat (calor)

Pain (dolor)

Redness (rubor)

Swelling (tumor)

Front 35

What is a fever and its benefits

Back 35

Systemic response causing abnormally high body temperature

Increases metabolism, inhibits multiplication of many viruses, fungal pathogens, and Mycobacterium

Front 36

What occurs during a fever

Back 36

- Bacteria or viruses release chemicals called pyrogens which elevate body's thermostat (ex. Endotoxin)

- Hypothalamus resets thermostat

- Blood vessels constrict, shivering, chills

Front 37

Function and example of histamine (antimicrobial substance)

Back 37

Causes vasodilation

Released by tissues and basophils

Front 38

Function and example of prostaglandins (antimicrobial substance)

Back 38

Intensify effects of histamine, help phagocytes move through capillary walls (vasodilation)

Released from damaged cells

Front 39

Function and example of leukotrienes (antimicrobial substance)

Back 39

Cause vasodilation, help attach phagocytes to pathogen

Produced by mast cells and basophils

Front 40

Function and example of cytokines (antimicrobial substance)

Back 40

Cause vasodilation, involved in cell communication

Used in adaptive immunity

Front 41

Function and example of interleukin (antimicrobial substance)

Back 41

Sends messages between leukocytes and stimulates immune responses

Several types IL-1, IL-2, etc

Front 42

Function and example of interferon (antimicrobial substance)

Back 42

Infected cell signals neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins, activates macrophages

Protects against viruses

Front 43

Compliment system

Back 43

Series of proteins that destroy bacteria and some viruses activated in a cascade reaction through central protein (C3)

Compliments antibodies

Front 44

Three outcomes of compliment system

Back 44

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Membrane attack complex (cell lysis)

Front 45

Classical pathway

Back 45

Antibody -> C3 -> C3a (inflammation) and C3b (phagocytosis and C5)

C5 -> C5a (inflammation) and C5b (membrane attack complexes)

C6-9 causes cell lysis