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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptive immune response, what cells it uses, and when it is acquired |
The 3rd and final line of immune responses that respond to specific antigens and has memory Uses B and T cells Acquired after birth |
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Primary exposure |
1st interaction with a given substance (antigen) |
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Secondary exposure |
Exposure to the same antigen again |
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Proliferation/clonal expansion |
Make clones |
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Clones |
Identical cells to original |
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Differentiate |
Process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to become more distinct in form and function |
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Self tolerance |
Immune system recognizes and won't attack self cells |
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Apoptosis |
Targeted cell death |
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Characteristics of adaptive immunity |
Specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, tolerance, memory |
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Antigen and an example |
Substance that causes body to produce specific antibody (B cells) or stimulate T cells Ex. Mostly large proteins/polysaccharides (components of invading microbes: capsules, cell wall, flagella, fimbriae, toxins, viral coat proteins) |
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Epitope |
Specific region on antigen that interacts with antibodies (also called antigenic determinants) |
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Antigen presenting cell |
Phagocytic cells that digest antigens and presents it on cell surface (present antigen to T cells) |
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Antigen receptors |
Antibody protein anchored to a B cell membrane |
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MHC 1 (where is it located, what does it target, what immune response is it used in, and what cells do they interact with) |
On surface of all cells (except RBC's) Target intracellular antigens Used in cellular response Interacts with Cytotoxic T cells |
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MHC II (where is it located, what does it target, what immune response is it used in, and what cells do they interact with) |
Only on surface of APC's (macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells) Target extracellular antigens Used in humoral response Interacts with Helper T cells |
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B cell origin, maturation site, secretory product, and immunity type |
Red bone marrow Red bone marrow Antibodies Humoral immunity |
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T cell origin, maturation site, secretory product, and immunity type |
Red bone marrow Thymus gland Cytokines Cellular and humoral |
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Function/role of Cytotoxic T cells |
Directly destroy infected or cancerous cells |
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Function/role of T Helper 1 cells |
Activate Cytotoxic T cells/macrophages/NK cells Involved in cellular response Releases cytokines |
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Function/role of T Helper II cells |
Stimulate B cells to make antibodies Involved in humoral response Release cytokines |
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Function/role of T regulatory cells |
Control function of leukocytes (dendritic/mast/B/other T cells) Prevent autoimmunity |
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Steps in cellular response |
1. APC presents antigen and MHC II on its surface 2. APC's MHC II (or MHC1) and antigen interact with TCR and CD4 (or CD8) on a Helper T cell 3. Helper T 1 produces cytokine (IL-2) that stimulates Helper T and Cytotoxic T cells (T cells activate B cells) 4. T cell undergoes proliferation and clones of T cells are produced |
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Role of clones in humoral immunity |
Is differentiate in the plasma cells (produce specific antibody to antigen) and memory cells |
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Role of plasma cells in humoral immunity |
Produce specific antibody to antigen |
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Role of memory cells in humoral immunity |
Respond if antigen is re-encountered by reactivation to a plasma cell |
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Role of B cells in humoral immunity |
Make clones that differentiate to plasma and memory cells |
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Clonal selection and expansion |
When a cell differentiates the all subsequent cells multiply and produce a large population of genetically identical clones |
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Steps in humoral response |
1. A B cell binds to its specific antigen, a T dependent B cell required cooperation with a Helper T cell 2. The B cell, often with stimulation by cytokines from a T Helper cell, differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells 3. Plasma cells proliferate and produce antibodies against the antigen |
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Antibody structure |
Variable region: V of the Y Constant region: stem of the Y Light chain: in variable region Heavy chain: in constant region |
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Location in body, amount, and function of antibody (IgG) |
Blood, lymph, intestines 80% Fight bacteria, viruses, toxins and activates complement Can go from placenta to fetus |
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Location in body, amount, and function of antibody (IgA) |
Mucus, saliva, tears, breastmilk 10-15% Prevent attachment to mucosal surfaces |
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Location in body, amount, and function of antibody (IgM) |
Blood 5-10% ABO blood antigen response and activates complement |
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Location in body, amount, and function of antibody (IgD) |
Blood, lymph, B cells 0.2% Unknown function |
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Location in body, amount, and function of antibody (IgE) |
Blood, B cells 0.002% Allergic reaction (hay fever) |
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Natural killer cells and function |
Extracellular killer cells that don't need stimulated by an antigen Function: destroy cells that don't express MHC I, kill virus infected/tumor cells, attack parasites |
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Agglutination (how antibodies destroy antigens) |
Clump antigens together so phagocyte can digest more easily (IgM) |
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Opsonization (how antibodies destroy antigens) |
Coats antigen to enhance phagocytosis (IgG) |
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Neutralization (how antibodies destroy antigens) |
Inactivate viruses and toxins by blocking attachment sites on host cell (IgG) |
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Activation of complement system (how antibodies destroy antigens) |
3 outcomes (inflammation, phagocytosis, membrane attack complex) (IgG and IgM) |
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Antibody mediated (humoral) vs. Cell mediated immunity based on where it occurs, what it's effective against, and cells involved |
Antibody mediated: Mature in bone marrow Effective against freely circulating viruses and bacteria Involves B cells Cell mediated: Mature in thymus Effective against intracellular pathogens/parasites, virus infected cells, cancer cells Involves T cells |
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Primary response |
Immune system determines appropriate action to take and create memory cells (antigens help create memory cells) |
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Secondary (anamnestic) response |
Immune system has already created memory cells so response is much faster |
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Naturally acquired active immunity |
Resulting from infection |
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Naturally acquired passive immunity |
Transplacental or via breast milk |
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Artificially acquired active immunity |
Injection of antigen (vaccination) |
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Artificially acquired passive immunity |
Individual recievea antibodies |
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Vaccination |
Exposing a person to material that is antigenic but not pathogenic |
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Edward jenner |
Created first vaccine by innoculating boy with cowpox, then later smallpox. Boy had no reaction to smallpox |
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Ways vaccines can be administered |
Injection, inhaled, ingested |
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Forms of vaccines |
Whole cells/viruses (live attenuated or killed/inactivated) Fragments (subunits) of microbe Isolated, inactivated toxin Genetically manufactured portion of microbe |
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Herd immunity |
The fewer disease susceptible people in a community, the harder it is for a pathogen to be transmitted to a susceptible host |
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Live attenuated vaccine and example |
Active virus/bacteria, but nonpathogenic Ex. Chickenpox, MMR |
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Inactivated/killed vaccine |
Virus/bacteria are inactivated by chemicals, radiation, or heat Ex. Hepatitis A, some influence vaccines |
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Subunit vaccine |
Potion of pathogen is used to stimulate an immune response Ex. Hepatitis B, HPV, Influenza |
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Toxoid vaccine |
Inactivated protein toxin Ex. dTap, Tdap |
