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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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three types of learning |
1) classical conditioning 2) operant conditioning 3) cognitive learning |
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associative learning |
learning that certain events occur together; events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning) |
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process of learning associations takes two main forms... |
1) classical conditioning 2) operant conditioning |
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classical conditioning (Pavlov) |
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events examples: hearing the Aggie fight song, smelling popcorn, hearing brakes screech |
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operant conditioning (Skinner) |
a type of learning in which a response is associated with a consequence examples: seal balancing a ball and receives food, balancing of the ball is strengthened |
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CC term: unconditioned stimulus US |
biologically significant stimulus that produces automatic response *meat powder |
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CC term: unconditioned response UR |
automatic response to a UCS that occurs without learning *salivation |
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CC term: conditioned stimulus CS |
initially neutral stimulus, becomes associated with the UCS through conditioning *ringing of bell |
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CC term: conditioned response CR |
learned response *salivation |
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acquisition |
initial learning of an association |
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extinction |
using the conditioned response over and over without giving the unconditioned response *ringing the bell and not getting any meat powder, the dog would no longer salivate |
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spontaneous recovery |
sudden reemergence of an extinct CR after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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generalization |
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses *fearing all dogs after being bitten by a Rottweiler |
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discrimination |
in CC the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US *fearing Rottweilers after being bitten by one |
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operant conditioning |
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
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law of effect |
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequence become less likely |
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reinforcement |
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
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shaping |
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and close approximations of the desired behavior |
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types of reinforcers |
1) positive- strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after response *petting a dog when you call it to come 2) negative- strengthens a response by reducing or removing something negative *dad giving in to Billy's whining to make him stop |
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primary reinforcers |
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need *getting food when hungry |
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conditioned (secondary) reinforcer |
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer *rat learning that light gives food, so it presses button for light to receive food |
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immediate and delayed reinforcers |
immediate- occurs instantly after a behavior delayed- is not received right away for a certain behavior (getting a paycheck at the end of the week) |
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reinforcement schedules: continuous and partial |
continuous- reinforces the desired response each time it occurs *rarely occurs in the world; best way to master a behavior partial (intermittent)- reinforces a response only part of the time *slower acquisition in beginning, shows greater resistance to extinction later on |
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fixed and variable ratio schedule |
fixed ratio- reinforce behavior after a set number of responses variable ratio- reinforce behavior after an unpredictable number of responses |
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positive and negative punishment |
positive- administer an aversive stimulus *spraying Teddy with water when he barks negative- withdrawing a rewarding stimulus *taking away a license |
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the fastest way to learn is to... to maintain the behavior... |
be rewarded continuously after every behavior change to an intermittent reward schedule |
