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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning |
a lasting change caused by experience |
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Learning Curve |
a graph that shows change in performance on a learning task over time |
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Associative Learning |
learning that involves forming associations between stimuli |
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Nonassociative Learning |
learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli |
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Habituation |
a form of non associative learning whereby repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction in response |
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Sensitization |
a form of non associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli |
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Classical Conditioning |
a form of associative learning whereby a neutral stimulus is paired with a salient stimulus so that eventually the neutral stimulus predicts the salient stimulus aka Pavlovian Conditioning |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
a stimulus that on its own elicits a response |
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Unconditioned Response (UR) |
a physical response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus; it does not need to be learned |
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
a neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
a physical response elicited by a conditioned stimulus; it is usually the same as the unconditioned response |
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Extinction |
reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus alone |
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Spontaneous Recovery |
reemergence of a conditioned response some time after extinction has occurred |
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Stimulus Generalization |
the situation in which similar stimuli elicit the same response as a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning |
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Systematic Desensitization |
a process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object of situation |
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Conditioned Taste Aversion |
a form of classical conditioning whereby a previously neutral stimulus (often an odor or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it's paired with illness (nausea) |
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Operant Conditioning |
a form of associative learning whereby behaviour is modified depending on its consequences |
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Law of Effect |
behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again |
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Behaviourism |
the systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour |
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Reinforcer |
an experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour |
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Punishment |
an unpleasurable experience that produces a decrease in a certain behaviour |
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Positive Reinforcement |
presentation of a pleasant consequences following a behaviour |
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Negative Reinforcement |
removal of a negative consequence as a result of behaviour |
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Positive Punishment |
presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour |
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Negative Punishment |
removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour |
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Primary Reinforcer |
reinforcer that is intrinsically pleasureable |
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Secondary Reinforcer |
reinforcer that is associated with primary reinforcers |
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Continuous Reinforcement |
when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs |
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Intermittent Reinforcement |
a schedule of reinforcement where the behaviour is only followed by reinforcement some of the time |
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Fixed-ratio Schedule |
reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses |
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Variable-ratio Schedule |
the number of responses required for reinforcement varies |
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Fixed-interval Schedule |
reinforcement occurs every time a specific time period has elapsed |
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Variable-interval Schedule |
reinforcement occurs after varying amounts of time |
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Behaviour Modification |
a planned effort to change behaviour |
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Learned Helplessness |
a situation in which repeated exposure to inescapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attampts |
