Intro To Nutrition: Chapter 7, 8, 9

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

sum total of what (chemical reactions) that go on in the cell

Front 2

Aerobic

Back 2

requires oxygen for reaction

Front 3

anaerobic

Back 3

not requiring oxygen

Front 4

Deamination

Back 4

removal of the amino (NH3) group from a compound such as amino acids

Front 5

ATP

Back 5

Adenosine triphosphate. A high energy compound made from purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose) and 3 phosphate groups. ATP=A-P~P~P where ~ indicates a high energy bond in between the phosphates. Primary molecule used for energy. The body's currency for energy.

Front 6

ATP is released from:

Back 6

the breakdown of glucose (carb), fatty acids (fats and glycerol) and amino acids (protein), the end products of digestion. Has a negative charge and is vulnerable to hydrolysis.

Front 7

Pyruvate

Back 7

a 3 carbon compound that plays a key role in energy metabolism

Front 8

Acetyl CoA

Back 8

a 2 carbon compound (acetate or acetic) to which a molecule of CoA is attached

Front 9

Gluconeogenesis

Back 9

the making of glucose from a non-carbohydrate source such as amino acids or glycerol

Front 10

Ketone Bodies

Back 10

acidic compound produced by the liver during the incomplete breakdown of fat when carbohydrates are not available.

Front 11

What are coenzymes? Why do you need them in metabolism?

Back 11

Coenzymes are organic molecules that work with enzymes (make metabolic reactions) to facilitate the enzymes activity; enzymes cannot function without coenzymes. Many have A and B vitamins as part of their structure.

Front 12

What four basic units are used in the body for energy metabolism?

Back 12

carbs make glucose, fats make fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins make amino acids.

Front 13

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Back 13

the mitochondria

Front 14

what are characteristics and metabolism?

Back 14

Canabolism builds body compounds (skeletal, lipoproteins, hormones, etc) which requires energy. Catabolism breaks down body components such as lactase breaking into glucose and galactose. This releases energy. Think house building requires energy (anabolsim). house catching fire requires no energy and destroys and also releases heat (energy) (catabolism).

Front 15

Howefficient is the body at converting food energy to ATP energy?

Back 15

About a 50% rate of conversion. The rest is lost as heat.

Front 16

What is the major energy carrier molecule in most cells?

Back 16

ATP

Front 17

Glycolysisis the conversion of glucose to:

Back 17

2 pyruvate

Front 18

Whatare some differences between aerobic and anaerobic exercises?

Back 18

Anaerobic exercise would be a quick and vigorous exercise where oxygen is not readily available to make energy and the process would take too long and the energy needs are more immediate during this type of exercise. This type of energy yielding pathway, pyruvate to lactate, cannot be sustained for very long, only for a couple of minutes. When energy needs are at a slower pace, such as endurance cardio exercise, pyruvate can take a slower pathway to make energy, pyruvate to acetyl CoA. The energy yielded is greater and can be sustained longer.

Front 19

Whatcan happen to lactate after being produced by muscle cells?

Back 19

The lactate can be sent to the liver.

Front 20

Whathappens in the Cori Cycle?

Back 20

The lactate from the muscles go to the liver and can be converted into glucose.

Front 21

Howmany acetyl CoA molecules would be obtained from a 16-carbon fatty acid?

Back 21

1Acetyl CoA from a 16-carbon fatty acid. The fatty acids carbon chain goesthrough the cycle numerous times and loses 2 carbons each time. 8 acetyl CoA isnet yield from 1 whole 16-carbon fatty acid.

Front 22

Wheredo the TCA cycle reactions occur?

Back 22

Thiscycle is the final common metabolic pathway for carbs, fats, and amino acids.It takes place in the mitochondria’s inner compartment.

Front 23

Which energy yielding nutrients, when consumed in excess, can lead to the storage of fat?

Back 23

All of the energy yielding nutrients leas to storage of fat (carbs, lipids, and proteins)

Front 24

What substances can be converted to glucose if carbohydrate is lacking in the diet?

Back 24

Glycerol (1st choice) and proteins as amino acids (last resort)

Front 25

Besides energy, what is given off following the complete oxidation of fatty acids?...Glucose?

Back 25

water and CO2

Front 26

What is the body's major metabolic organ?

Back 26

Liver

Front 27

What are the effects of the accumulation of lactate in the muscles?

Back 27

The lactate accumulation in the muscles can lead to sore muscles, cramps, fatigue, and a change in the PH because lactate is acidic. Interestingly, anaerobic exercise can increase mitochondria size over time so it can produce more energy.

Front 28

How many pyruvate and acetyl CoA does one molecule of glucose yield?

Back 28

2 pyruvate which will yield 2 acetyl CoA when coenzymes are added.

Front 29

Explain what happens during feasting.

Back 29

Duringfeasting a person is eating more than their energy needs so the body stores asmall amount as glycogen and the rest as fat. Carbohydrates get stored as glycogenand body fat. Fat gets stored as fat. Protein gets stored as fat, some is lostin the urine and used as body protein

Front 30

Explain what happens during fasting.

Back 30

Duringfasting the nutrients from a meal are no longer available (2 to 3 hours)and thebody beings to draw on its glycogen and fat stores for energy. Liver and muscleglycogen stores get broken down into glucose and the energy is used for thebrain, nervous system, and red blood cells as well as other cells. Body fatstores are broken down into fatty acids and used for energy for other cells.

Front 31

Explain what happens during fasting beyond glycogen depletion.

Back 31

.Fasting beyond glycogen depletion (starvation after 24 hrs) glycogen hasdwindled and the body beings to break down its proteins (from muscles and leantissue) to amino acids to make glucose needed for the brain and nervous system.The liver converts fats to ketone bodies, which serve as an alternate energysource for the brain which slows down the breakdown of body protein.

Front 32

During a prolonged fast, what alternative fuel does the brain begin to accept?

Back 32

amino acids and glycerol. Ketone bodies as a last resort.

Front 33

Where does the metabolism of alcohol take place?

Back 33

the liver

Front 34

How can alcohol consumption affect nutritional status?

Back 34

Can cause malnutrition: low intakes of protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, Vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B, and riboflavin, impaired absorption of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and zinc. Increases energy intake which can lead to obesity, can cause liver disease which can hurt metabolism and food absorption and energy usage.

Front 35

Appetite

Back 35

response to the thought, sight, smell, or taste of food that initiates or delays eating

Front 36

hunger

Back 36

the painful sensation caused by a lack of food that initiates food seeking behavior. Physiological response to nerve signals and chemical messengers sent by the hypothalamus.

Front 37

Satiety

Back 37

signal to not start eating again

Front 38

visceral fat

Back 38

fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with the internal abdominal organs.

Front 39

Central obesity

Back 39

upper body fat.

Front 40

Based on the traditional calculation, how many kcalories are equal to 1 pound of body fat?

Back 40

1 pound of fat = 3500 kcal. Extra 500 kcal for a week could make a person gain a pound of fat.

Front 41

What role does the hypothalamus play in energy balance?

Back 41

It is the control center for eating and it integrates messages for energy intake, expenditure, and storage. Produces the sensation of hunger. Produces hormones to initiate hunger sensations. Senses satiety and sends signals to stop or continue eating.

Front 42

What are the 3 components of energy expenditure? Which one is the greatest expenditure for sedentary individuals? Which one is the most variable? Which one accommodates for only a small portion of energy expended?

Back 42

BasalMetabolism, Physical activity, and Food Consumption. Basal Metabolismrepresents 2/3 of daily energy for sedentary or light activity. Physicalactivity is the most variable because it is voluntary movement of skeletalmuscles. Food consumption has a small thermic effect that uses roughly 10% ofenergy intake. High protein diets use more energy.

Front 43

Whatis basal metabolism? What factors affect basal metabolic rate?

Back 43

The energy needed to maintain life when a body is at complete digestive, physical and emotional rest. Genetics, Age, activity level, hormones, growth, gender, weight, and amount of lean tissue (uses more energy) can affect BMR.

Front 44

Whatis the formula for calculating body mass index? Calculate BMI when given aperson’s weight and height.

Back 44

Weight in kg/height (in meters)2 = BMI or weight in pounds/height (in inches)2 x 703 =BMI

Front 45

Underweight

Back 45

body weight lower than weight range that is considered healthy, less than BMI of 18.5.

Front 46

Overweight

Back 46

body weight greater than the weight range that is considered healthy, BMI of 25-29.9

Front 47

Obese

Back 47

too much body fat with adverse health effects, BMI of 30 or more.

Front 48

Howdoes fat distribution in the body affect health risk?

Back 48

Correlates with but not always the cause of disease and lower life expectancy. Weight around middle (above waist) has more risks of chronic diseases, especially heart disease. Visceral fat (near organs) can have effects on health and lead to liver and heart disease.

Front 49

Forwhat purpose is waist circumference measured? What are the desirablemeasurements for women?...for men?

Back 49

It is an indicator of fat distribution and central obesity. Women should haveunder 35 inches and men should have under 40 inches

Front 50

Whatare some methods of measuring body fat?

Back 50

BMI and waist circumference are the most common. Other include skin fold, displacement (bod pod) and DEXA for more precise measurement.

Front 51

Whathealth risks are associated with being underweight?...overweight?

Back 51

Obesity is designated as a disease because of the health risks associated such as cardiovascular disease, elevated blood cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes (especially with central obesity), and some cancer. Underweight risks are fighting against wasting disease, menstrual irregularities and infertility (self-preservation) and osteoporosis and bone fractures. A change in the body’s metabolism has a cluster of symptoms: insulin resistance, high blood glucose, low HDL, hypertension, high triglycerides, and greater risk for diabetes, cancer, heart disease, strokes, and atherosclerosis. This is due to inflammation in body when there is fat accumulation, which causes the body to panic.

Front 52

Amenorrhea

Back 52

the absence of or cessation of menstruation. Primary amenorrhea is menarche delayed beyond 15 years of age. Secondary amenorrhea is the absence of 3 consecutive menstrual cycles.

Front 53

Cathartic

Back 53

a strong laxative

Front 54

emetic

Back 54

an agent to induce vomiting

Front 55

Female athlete triad

Back 55

apotentially fatal combination of three medical problems: disordered eating,amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Front 56

Whatpercentage of adults in the United States are considered overweight or obese?

Back 56

69 %

Front 57

Whatpercentage of children in the United States are considered overweight or obese?

Back 57

32 percent

Front 58

Whatis lipoprotein lipase? (What role does it play in the development of obesity)?

Back 58

Allows fatty acids (fat) to move from the bloodstream into fat cells. As weight is gained, there is more of that activity and the body beings to favor fat.

Front 59

Describefat cell development. (What happens to the fat cells when a person losesweight?)

Back 59

Fat cells can grow and enlarge. When weight is lost the size of the fat cell will shrink but the number of fat cells stay the same. When energy in exceeds energy out the adipose tissues store the excess as fat cells. Fat cell number increase during childhood and adolescence

Front 60

Set-pointtheory

Back 60

the body attempts to maintain a certain weight. If it falls below point thebody tries to get it back up to a certain weight by using less energy(calories) in daily use. If it rises the body tries to get it lower by suppressingappetite or using more energy in activities

Front 61

Leptin

Back 61

acts as a hormone in the hypothalamus. It is created in the adipose tissue and promotes a negative energy balance (take in less energy than expending). It also brings down appetite, increases calories burned and increases energy expenditure. Leptin Lose Weight.

Front 62

Ghrelin

Back 62

secretedby the stomach walls. It increases appetite and positive energy balance (takein more calories than expending). Ghrelin Gain Weight

Front 63

Describefactors that influence the development of obesity (genetics and environment).

Back 63

Obesity reflects the interaction between genes and environment. Present and past eating habits and activity patterns can influence current weight. The availability of food is another factor leading to general obesity since it is more accessible and can be relatively inexpensive. Serving sizes have also increase and the body equates what you normally eat to what a normal meal will be over time. Life requires little exertion now which modern conveniences which has decreased physical activity.

Front 64

What3 indicators do health care professionals use to evaluate health risks fromobesity?

Back 64

BMI, waist circumference, and disease risk profiling

Front 65

Weight loss would be recommended for people who are overweight and have chronic disease risk factors of?

Back 65

Hypertension, cigarette smoking, abnormal blood lipids, diabetes or prediabetes, family history of heart disease, men over 45 or women over 55.

Front 66

Whataggressive treatments for obesity are being used? When are these appropriate?

Back 66

Prescription drugs are available for weight loss in severe cases. They have many side effects, however, and the risks must be taken into account. Surgery such as gastric bypass and gastric banding may also be used but these also have risks and patients have to stick to a very specific eating plan afterwards.

Front 67

Explainappropriate weight loss strategies.

Back 67

Set a reasonable goal, such as losing 0.5 to 2 pounds a week. A person must embrace changes, celebrate success, set a goal, and have support. Incorporate healthy eating and physical activity. Consume food and drink to meet or get below energy needs for the day. East slowly, emphasize nutrient dense food, plan meals, limit sugars and fats, reduce portions, cook more and eat out less.