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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of fats?
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energy production, absorbtion of fat soluble viatmins, prostaglandin synthesis, components of cell membranes
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What is the function of proteins?
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Protein synthesis and carbons for glucose synthesis
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Why are micronutrients important?
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For cellular processes. Vitamins are important for enzymes, cofactors and anitoxidants. Minerals are importants for many functions including bone mineralization and cell transport.
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What are the 4 DRI standards?
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1) Estimated Average Requirement 2)Recommended Dietary Allowance 3) Adequate intake 4) Tolerable Upper Level Intake
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Wht is the EAR?
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Estimated Average requirement, intake required to prevent defficiency in 50% of an age/gender group
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What is the UL?
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Tolerable Upper Level Intake, the highest intake one can have without an adverse effect
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What factors can effect BMR?
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age, gender, body temperature, thyroid function
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What is BMR?
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Basal (resting) Metabolic Rate. Energy spent while resting, post-absorptive over 24 hours
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What is TEF?
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Thermal Effect of Food, also known as Diet Induced Thermatogensis. 5-10% of digestible energy in dietary macronutrients are used in this process to digest/absorb food
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What is DEE?
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Daily Energy Expenditure. BMR + TEF + Physical activity
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What is BMI?
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Body Mass Index = wieght(kg)/height2(m)
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What BMI classifies obesity?
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25-29= obesity class I 30-35=obesity class II 35>obesity class III class II and III increase risk of many diseases
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How does delta G tell you which way a reaction will go?
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A negative delta G indicates a spontaneous rxn (gives off energy. A positive delta G indicates a non-spontaneous energy that requires energy to go.
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Annobilism is….
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the biosynthesis of macromulecules and requires energy
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Catabolism is….
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the breakdown of dietary nutrients, produces energy
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What is energy charge?
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The relative abundance of ATP. When =1, lots of ATP is available and annabolic processes can go. When its lower (0) cataboltic processes go
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What type of processes are favored if ATP concentration is low?
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Catabolic
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How is metabolism regulated?
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1) by regulating subtstrate availability or 2) regulating enzyme activity by allosteric effectors, covalent modification or hormone induction/repression
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How does allosteric effectors regulate metabolism?
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They can stimilate or inhibit the activity of an enzyme by feed forward stimulation or feed back inhibition. Their effects are reversible, fast acting and for short range communication
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How does covalent modification of enzyme acvitivy regulate metabolism?
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Phosphorylation or dephosphorylation by kinases and phosphatases that are activated by hormones. They can activate or inhibit pathways, are transient and reversible.
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Describe how enzymes can be regulated by hormones
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Hormones can alter the level of mRNA and thus the intracellular levels of enzymes (increase or decrease). This is permanent and slow-acting.
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What is the rate limiting step in a metabolic pathway?
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The first IRRIVERSIBLE reaction UNIQUE to a metabolic pathway is the committed/rate-limiting step
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How do you determine the key enzyme for a metabolic pathway?
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It will be the enzyme that catalyzes the committed reaction
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What is the purpose and result of glycolysis?
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oxidation of glucose, produces ATP
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What is the purpose and resuls of lipolysis?
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Degradation of fat stores (triacylglycerols), releases fatty acids
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What is the purpose and result of glycogenolysis?
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Degradation of glycogen stores, releases glucose
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What is the prupose and result of ketolysis?
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oxidation of ketone bodies, produces ATP
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What is the purpose and results of beta-oxidation?
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oxidation of fatty acids, prduces ATP
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What is the purpose and results of glycogenesis?
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Synthesis of glycogen stores, stores glucose
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What is the prupose and result of lipogenesis?
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synthesis of fat stores (triacylglycerols), stores fatty acids
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What is the purpose and results of gluconeogenesis?
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New synthesis of glucose (from non-sugars), produces glucose
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What is the purpose and results of ketogenesis?
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Synthesis of ketone bodies from fatty acids, produces ketone bodies
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