Ib Biology Year 1 Unit 2: Molecular Biology

Front 1

Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the ________ substances involved.

Back 1

Chemical

Front 2

How many bonds does carbon form? What type of bonds are they?

Back 2

Four; covalent

Front 3

List the four of the carbon-based macromolecules that life is based on.

Back 3

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Front 4

__________ is the web of all the enzyme-catalysed reactions in a cell or organism.

Back 4

Metabolism

Front 5

What is the synthesis of polymers called?

Back 5

Anabolism

Front 6

What kinds of reactions synthesize polymers?

Back 6

Condensation reactions

Front 7

What is the destruction/breaking down of polymers called?

Back 7

Catabolism

Front 8

What type of reaction breaks down a polymer?

Back 8

Hydrolysis

Front 9

What are the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates called?

Back 9

Monosaccharides; polysaccharides

Front 10

What are the main functions of carbohydrates?

Back 10

Energy storage and structure

Front 11

What are 3 examples of a lipid monomer?

Back 11

Fatty-acids, phosphates, glycerols

Front 12

What is the main function of a lipid?

Back 12

Energy storage

Front 13

What are the monomers and polymers of proteins called?

Back 13

Amino acids; polypeptides

Front 14

List five examples of functions of proteins.

Back 14

Enzyme, structure, transportation, immunity, hormones

Front 15

What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?

Back 15

Nucleotides; DNA/RNA

Front 16

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

Back 16

Giving instructions on how to make proteins

Front 17

What is this a diagram of?

Back 17

Acetic acid

Front 18

What is this a diagram of?

Back 18

Acetic acid

Front 19

What is this a diagram of?

Back 19

Glucose

Front 20

Carbons always have four bonds. If not all bonds are listed, assume all others are ________.

Back 20

Hydrogen

Front 21

What is this a diagram of?

Back 21

Ribose

Front 22

What are these diagrams of?

Back 22

Fatty-acids

Front 23

What is this a diagram of?

Back 23

Amino Acid

Front 24

What is vitalism?

Back 24

The theory that living things are governed by different principles than non-living things

Front 25

Who disproved the theory of vitalism? How?

Back 25

Wöhler; urea is produced by living things, Wöhler made it in a lab from inorganic starting materials

Front 26

True or false: water molecules are non-polar.

Back 26

False; water molecules are polar

Front 27

What kinds of bonds form between water molecules (intermolecular bonds)?

Back 27

Hydrogen bonds

Front 28

What kinds of bonds form inside the water molecules to connect two hydrogens to one oxygen (intramolecular bonds)?

Back 28

Polar covalent bonds

Front 29

Water is ________, it sticks to itself as a direct result of hydrogen bonds.

Application: _______ _______- it is difficult to break the surface of the water.

Back 29

Cohesive; surface tension

Front 30

How does water's cohesive property benefit living things?

Back 30

Certain insects can travel on the surface of the water.

Front 31

Water is ________- it can stick to other things.

Application- _____________ ____ in plants.

Back 31

Adhesive; transpiration pull

Front 32

Describe transpiration pull.

Back 32

Water is absorbed through the roots and pulled up through the plant as water evaporates out of the leaves. It sticks to tubes as it travels.

Front 33

Water has a high ________ ____- it takes a lot of energy to change the temperature of water.

Back 33

Specific heat

Front 34

How do water's thermal properties benefit humans?

Back 34

Evaporation is cooling mechanism. Sweat cools the organism as heat is absorbed into the sweat on the skin to turn it into water vapor.

Front 35

True or false: polar substances absorb easily into water.

Back 35

True

Front 36

List three substances that are polar and are easily absorbed into the blood to be transported within the body.

Back 36

Glucose, amino acids, sodium chloride

Front 37

How is oxygen transported within the bloodstream?

Back 37

It is held by the protein hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.

Front 38

How is cholesterol transported within the blood stream?

Back 38

Held in a protein-lipid complex called a lipoprotein

Front 39

How are fatty acids transported with the blood stream?

Back 39

Short fatty acids dissolve, long fatty acids are coated by lipoproteins

Front 40

True or false: Water has a higher specific heat, freezing point, and boiling point than methane.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Which monosaccharide is the quickest source of energy and is used in cell respiration?

Back 41

Glucose

Front 42

Which monosaccharide is part of the nucleotide building block for RNA?

Back 42

Ribose

Front 43

List three examples of disaccharides.

Back 43

Sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 44

_____-glucose: bonds go in the same direction to make a spiral or branches (used for energy storage in plants and animals ex. starch, glycogen)

Back 44

Alpha

Front 45

____-glucose: bonds alternate to make a straight line (used for structure in plants ex. cellulose is the main component in cell walls)

Back 45

Beta

Front 46

What are two types of starch? What are they used for?

Back 46

Amylose and amylopectin; energy storage

Front 47

_______ is unbranched and totally helical while ___________ is branched.

Back 47

Amylose; amylopectin

Front 48

True or false: a saturated fatty-acid is one that contains no C=C double bonds.

Back 48

True

Front 49

True or false: a monounsaturated fatty-acid is one that contains one C=C double bonds.

Back 49

True

Front 50

True or false: a polyunsaturated fatty-acid is one that contains more than one C=C double bonds.

Back 50

True

Front 51

Describe cis fatty acids and trans fatty acid.

Back 51

Cis fatty acid: bonds on either side of the double bond go the same way

Trans fatty acid: bonds on either side of the double bond go opposite ways

Front 52

Why are trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids unhealthy?

Back 52

Because the molecules can layer on top of each other forming a solid. The molecules cannot be catabolized because it is too dense

Front 53

Why can't cis fatty acids layer in the same way that trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids can?

Back 53

Because the "kinks" spread them out and as a result they are liquid at room temperature.

Front 54

_____________ are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol.

Back 54

Triglycerides

Front 55

True or false: carbs are easier to catabolize for energy than lipids but lipids store more energy per gram.

Back 55

True; as a result, lipids are better for long term and carbs are better for short term

Front 56

There are ______ amino acids that form almost every protein on the planet

Back 56

twenty

Front 57

Describe an amino acid that is not used in translation.

Back 57

GABA; a neurotransmitter made by modifying another amino acid.

Front 58

The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by _____.

Back 58

Genes

Front 59

A protein may consist of a ______ polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together.

Back 59

Single

Front 60

The amino acid sequence determines the _____-___________ conformation of a protein.

Back 60

Three-dimensional

Front 61

Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a ____ range of functions.

Back 61

Wide

Front 62

Every individual has a unique ________ (the set of all proteins that an organism produces at a certain time).

Back 62

Proteome

Front 63

Where are amino acids put together?

Back 63

In the ribosome

Front 64

_______: an enzyme that captures carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

Back 64

Rubisco

Front 65

_______: a hormone that takes glucose out of the blood to be stored as glycogen.

Back 65

Insulin

Front 66

_____________: antibodies.

Back 66

Immunoglobulins

Front 67

_________: receptors in the eye that respond to light.

Back 67

Rhodopsin

Front 68

________: used for structure in connective tissue (ligaments and tendons).

Back 68

Collagen

Front 69

______ ____: used for making structures such as webs.

Back 69

Spider silk

Front 70

What is denaturation?

Back 70

the irreversible change in the shape of a protein aka destruction of a protein

Front 71

What causes denaturation?

Back 71

High temperatures; drastic pH changes (too acidic or too basic)

Front 72

What is this a diagram of?

Back 72

Formation of a dipeptide bond

Front 73

Enzymes have an ______ ____ to which specific _________ bind.

Back 73

Active site; substrates

Front 74

True or false: Temperature, pH and substrate concentration do not affect the rate of activity of enzymes.

Back 74

False; Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.

Front 75

True or false: Enzymes can be denatured.

Back 75

True

Front 76

What are three methods of producing lactose-free milk?

Back 76

Add lactase to the milk; take a lactase pill; run milk through immobilized lactase on alginate beads

Front 77

What are three advantages of lactose-free milk?

Back 77

Lactose intolerant people can consume it; the monosaccharides of lactose are sweeter; smoother texture for ice cream

Front 78

Enzymes are _________ (they make reactions happen faster).

Back 78

Catalysts

Front 79

How do catalysts make reactions happen faster and at a lower temperature?

Back 79

By lowering the activation energy

Front 80

What are the molecules that the enzyme makes react called?

Back 80

Substrates?

Front 81

What is the part of the enzyme that the substrate fits into?

Back 81

The active site

Front 82

True or false: enzymes are used up in a reaction.

Back 82

False; enzymes are not used up in a reaction

Front 83

What is shown in this graph?

Back 83

Enzymes work at an optimum temperature. If the temperature is too low, the substrate(s) don't have enough energy to react. If the temperature is too high, the enzymes are denatured

Front 84

What is shown in this graph?

Back 84

Enzymes work at an optimum pH. Increasing or decreasing the pH denatures the enzyme

Front 85

What is shown in this graph?

Back 85

At a low substrate concentration, active sites have a hard time finding substrates. If there's more substrate than enzymes, all active sites are filled and more substrate will do nothing. The enzymes are saturated

Front 86

_______ is a disaccharide that needs to be hydrolyzed into its two monomers by your digestive system by the enzyme lactase.

Back 86

Lactose

Front 87

True or false: DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands present, the base composition and the type of pentose.

Back 87

True; DNA has two strands while RNA has one. DNA uses adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine while RNA uses adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine. DNA uses deoxyribose while RNA uses ribose.

Front 88

DNA is a double helix made of two ____________ strands of nucleotides.

Back 88

antiparallel

Front 89

What does antiparallel mean?

Back 89

The left and right strands go in opposite directions

Front 90

Nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonding between ___________ base pairs.

Back 90

Complementary

Front 91

Which two scientists discovered the structure of DNA in 1953? And which method did they use?

Back 91

Watson and Crick; model-making

Front 92

What do the circles in this diagram of DNA represent?

Back 92

Phosphate

Front 93

What do the pentagons in the diagram of DNA represent?

Back 93

The ribose sugar

Front 94

What do the rectangles labeled A,T,C and G represent in this diagram of DNA?

Back 94

Bases

Front 95

What kinds of bonds form between the sugar and the phosphate of adjacent nucleotides?

Back 95

Covalent bonds

Front 96

The replication of DNA is ____-___________ and depends on complementary base pairing.

Back 96

Semi-conservative

Front 97

________ unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands by breaking hydrogen bonds.

Back 97

Helicase

Front 98

___ __________ links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template.

Back 98

DNA Polymerase

Front 99

_____________ is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase.

Back 99

Transcription

Front 100

___________ is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.

Back 100

Translation

Front 101

True or false: The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code.

Back 101

True

Front 102

______ of three bases on mRNA correspond to one amino acid in a polypeptide.

Back 102

Codons

Front 103

Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and __________ on ____.

Back 103

anticodons; tRNA

Front 104

List a lab technique used to do DNA replication rapidly and describe how it works.

Back 104

PCR (Polymerase chain reaction); Using the DNA polymerase from the hot spring bacteria Taq, uses heat to split the DNA in lace of helicase

Front 105

What is an example of the universality of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species?

Back 105

Production of human insulin in bacteria

Front 106

What was the Meselson-Stahl experiment?

Back 106

1) They grew bacteria in heavy nitrogen 15N so all the DNA had two heavy strands

2) They fed the bacteria light nitrogen 14N and extracted their DNA after 1,2,3, etc. replications over the course of a couple experiments

Front 107

Which experiment supported the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?

Back 107

The Meselson-Stahl experiment

Front 108

What is this a diagram of?

Back 108

What Meselson and Stahl observed

Front 109

What does semi-conservative DNA replication mean?

Back 109

Each DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.

Front 110

What is the enzyme that opens up the DNA and makes a complementary RNA strand to one of the DNA template strands?

Back 110

RNA polymerase

Front 111

____ has the codons that determine which tRNA is supposed to bring in its amino acid

Back 111

mRNA

Front 112

____ has two very important parts: an anti-codon that is complementary to a codon and an amino acid

Back 112

tRNA

Front 113

Codons and anti-codons are always _____ nucleotides long.

Back 113

Three

Front 114

Ribosomes have room for ___ tRNAs at a time.

Back 114

Two