Ib Biology Year 1 Unit 3: Genetics

Front 1

A ____ is a heritable factor of DNA that influences a specific characteristic.

Back 1

Gene

Front 2

True or False: a gene occupies a specific location on a chromosome.

Back 2

True

Front 3

The various specific forms of a gene are _______.

Back 3

Alleles

Front 4

True or False: Alleles differ from each other by 10 or more bases.

Back 4

False. Alleles differ from each other by one or only a few bases

Front 5

New alleles are formed by ________.

Back 5

Mutation

Front 6

What is the whole of the genetic information of an organism?

Back 6

Genome

Front 7

What was the Human Genome Project?

Back 7

A project in which the entire base sequence of humans was sequenced.

Front 8

Describe the mutation that causes sickle cell anemia.

Back 8

In normal hemoglobin the 6th amino acid is glutamic acid which is coded for by GAG. However if there is a mutation and instead a person has GTG, that codes for Valine which causes polymerization and pokey ends.

Front 9

Put the following in order of highest to lowest number of genes: Rice, E. Coli, humans.

Back 9

Rice, humans, E. Coli

Front 10

True or False: prokaryotes have one chromosome consisting of a circular DNA molecule.

Back 10

True

Front 11

True or False: some prokaryotes have plasmids and eukaryotes do as well

Back 11

False. Eukaryotes do not have plasmids

Front 12

Eukaryote chromosomes are ______ DNA molecules associated with _______ proteins.

Back 12

Linear; histone

Front 13

True or False: In a eukaryote species there are different chromosomes that carry different genes.

Back 13

True

Front 14

__________ chromosomes carry the same sequence of genes but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes.

Back 14

Homologous

Front 15

_______ nuclei have pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Back 15

Diploid

Front 16

_______ nuclei have one chromosome of each pair.

Back 16

Haploid

Front 17

True or False: the number of chromosomes is a characteristic feature of members of a species.

Back 17

True

Front 18

What shows the chromosomes of an organism in homologous pairs of decreasing length?

Back 18

A Karyogram

Front 19

Sex is determined by sex chromosomes and _________ are chromosomes that do not determine sex.

Back 19

Autosomes

Front 20

Describe Cairns’ technique for measuring the length of DNA molecules by autoradiography.

Back 20

1. Allow cells to grow in radioactive thymine which has radioactive tritium 3H

2.When DNA replication occurs, radioactive thymine will be incorporated into the DNA

3. Lyse cells open and extract DNA

4. Place radioactive DNA on autoradiography film

Front 21

Order the following from largest to smallest genome size: T2 phage, Escherichia coli, Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens and Paris japonica.

Back 21

Paris Japonica, Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Escherichia coli, T2 Phage

Front 22

Order the following from smallest to largest according to number of chromosomes in a diploid cell: Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Canis familiaris, Oryza sativa, Parascaris equorum.

Back 22

Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Canis familiaris, Oryza sativa, Parascaris equorum.

Front 23

True or False: If a person has three 21st chromosomes instead of a pair of 21st chromosomes on a karyogram, they have down syndrome.

Back 23

True

Front 24

True or False: On a karyogram, if both of the sex chromosomes are the same length, the individual is a female.

Back 24

True

Front 25

One diploid nucleus divides by meiosis to produce ____ haploid nuclei.

Back 25

Four

Front 26

True or False: DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of eight sister chromatids.

Back 26

False. DNA is replicated before meiosis so that all chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids.

Front 27

The early stages of meiosis involve pairing of homologous chromosomes and ________ ____ followed by condensation.

Back 27

Crossing over

Front 28

When does random orientation occur during meiosis?

Back 28

During metaphase I

Front 29

Separation of pairs of homologous chromosomes in the first division of meiosis ______ the chromosome number.

Back 29

Halves

Front 30

True or False: Crossing over, Random Orientation, and Meiosis are all processes that promote genetic variation.

Back 30

True

Front 31

What is non-disjunction and what are its effects?

Back 31

Non-disjunction is the failure of DNA to separate and it can result in down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities.

Front 32

True or False: Age of parents does not influence the risk of non-disjunction.

Back 32

False. Older parents are at an increased risk of non-disjunction

Front 33

What are two methods of obtaining pre-natal cells?

Back 33

1. Chorionic Villus Sampling

2. Amniocentesis

Front 34

Who is Gregor Mendel and what is he known for?

Back 34

He is known as the father of genetics, he experimented on pea plants

Front 35

_______ are haploid so contain only one allele of each gene.

Back 35

Gametes

Front 36

True or False: the two alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis.

Back 36

True

Front 37

Fusion of gametes results in diploid _______ with two alleles of each gene that may be the same allele or different alleles.

Back 37

Zygotes

Front 38

________ alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles but ___________ alleles have joint effects.

Back 38

Dominant; Co-dominant

Front 39

List three diseases that are caused by a recessive phenotype.

Back 39

Cystic Fibrosis, hemophilia, color-blindness

Front 40

List a disease that is caused by a dominant phenotype.

Back 40

Huntington's disease

Front 41

List two sex-linked diseases.

Back 41

Hemophilia, Color-blindness

Front 42

True or False: Radiation and mutagenic chemicals increase the mutation rate and can cause genetic diseases and cancer.

Back 42

True

Front 43

If a person has a phenotype of ii (little i little i), what blood type will they have?

Back 43

Blood type O

Front 44

List two significant radiation producing events and their effects.

Back 44

1. Chernobyl disaster: increase in thyroid cancer

2. Bombing of Hiroshima: increase in leukemia and other cancers

Front 45

What is used to separate proteins or fragments of DNA according to size?

Back 45

Gel electrophoresis

Front 46

This lab technique can be used to amplify small amounts of DNA.

Back 46

PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)

Front 47

Genetic modification is carried out by ____ ________ between species.

Back 47

Gene transfer

Front 48

______ are groups of genetically identical organisms, derived from a single original parent cell.

Back 48

Clones

Front 49

What is a method that has been developed to clone adult animals using differentiated cells?

Back 49

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Front 50

List two uses of DNA profiling.

Back 50

Forensics investigations, paternity tests

Front 51

Gene transfer to bacteria using plasmids makes use of ___________ _____________ and ___ ______.

Back 51

Restriction endonucleases; DNA ligase

Front 52

On a pedigree chart, if both of the parents are shaded and they have an unshaded offspring, is the trait dominant or recessive?

Back 52

Dominant; they hid the non-trait

Front 53

On a pedigree chart, if both parents are unshaded and they have a shaded offspring, is the trait dominant or recessive?

Back 53

Recessive; they hid the trait

Front 54

What is one example of a genetically modified crop?

Back 54

Bt corn

Front 55

What are the advantages of genetically modified crops?

Back 55

More durable plants, don't need to apply pesticides, larger food yield, less space needed for crops

Front 56

What are the disadvantages of genetically modified crops?

Back 56

Hybridization with nearby plants, Dominance of local ecosystems, potential monopoly by genetic engineering companies