Human Sexuality -Chapter 5

Front 1

Sex Hormones

Back 1

Chemical substances manufactured in the gonads and adrenal glands and secreted directly into the bloodstream.

Front 2

Testosterone

Back 2

Hormone secreted by the testes in the male, part of androgen group.
-Stimulates and maintains secondary sex characteristics
- Maintains genitals and sperm producing ability
- Stimulates growth of bone and muscle

Front 3

Estrogen

Back 3

Bring out many changes of puberty
- Stimulates growth of uterus and vagina
- Enlarges pelvis
- Stimulates breast growth
- Maintains mucous membranes and stops growth of bone and muscles (why girls are smaller).

Front 4

Progesterone

Back 4

Sex hormone secretes by ovaries
- Part of estrogen group
- levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate according to the phase of menstruation and during various other stages (pregnancy and menopause).

Front 5

Pituitary Gland

Back 5

Small endocrine gland located on the lower side of the brain below hypothalamus. Three lobes:
1. Anterior (interacts with gonads)
2. Intermediary
3. Posterior

Front 6

Prolactin

Back 6

Stimulates production of milk by mammary glands after a woman has given birth to a child.

Front 7

Oxytocin

Back 7

Stimulates ejection of milk from nipple as well as contractions during childbirth.

Front 8

Inhibin

Back 8

Substance secreted by testes and ovaries that regulates FSH levels. Suppresses FSH production, inhibiting sperm production.

Front 9

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axos Feedback Loop in Female

Back 9

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH--> pituitary secretes FSH and LH---> Follicle and ovum, estrogen, and progesterone production in ovary.
-Estrogen and progesterone form feedback loop that acts on hypothalamus to regulate pituitary to regulate follicle and estrogen and progesterone production.

Front 10

Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis Feedback Loop in Male

Back 10

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH---> Pituitary secretes FSH to signal testes to produce sperm and LH to signal testes to produce testosterone.
- Feedback loop of sperm and testosterone, sensed by hypothalamus, keeps sperm and testosterone at relatively constant state.

Front 11

Menstrual Cycle Phases

Back 11

1. Follicular Phase: FSH causes ovarian follicle development, endometrium proliferates.
2. Ovulation Phase: LH surge cause ovulation, mature egg emerges
3. Luteal Phase: follicle becomes corpus luteum, endometrium become secretory, corpus luteum secretes progesterone via feedback loop, reduces estrogen and progesterone production.
4. Menstruation: Hormonal support for development and maintenance of endometrium, endometrium is shed, low levels of estrogen and progesterone soon trigger new cycle.

Front 12

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Back 12

Sometimes fatal bacterial infection association with tampon use during menstruation. Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus.

Front 13

Cervical Mucus Cycle

Back 13

Glands in the cervix that secrete mucous throughout the menstrual cycle. Mucous protects entrance of cervix to keep bacteria out. Glands respond to changing levels of estrogen.

Front 14

Basal Body Temperature

Back 14

Fluctuates during menstrual cycle. Temp is low during follicular phase, takes a dip on day of ovulation, continues at higher level for the rest of the cycle.

Front 15

Menstrual Cycle: Length and Timing of Menstruation

Back 15

20-36-40 days, avg 28 days.
Day 1-4/5: Menstruation
Day 5-13: Follicular
Day 14: Ovulation
Day 15-end: Luteal

Front 16

Menstrual Pain

Back 16

Dysmenorrhea, caused by prostaglandins. Hormone like substance produced by tissues can cause contraction of smooth muscles and affect size of blood vessels. High levels can cause intense uterine contractions which choke off some supply of oxygen carrying blood.

Front 17

Amenorrhea

Back 17

Absence of menstruation, pregnancy, defects in reproductive system, hormone imbalance, cysts or tumours, disease, stress, emotional factors related to puberty, strenuous exercise and anorexia.

Front 18

Premenstrual Symptoms/Syndrome

Back 18

Can be affective and somatic, symptoms occur during luteal phase.

Front 19

Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder

Back 19

Marked premenstrual symptoms for more than 6-12 months, severe and impairing.

Front 20

Endometriosis

Back 20

Growth of endometrial tissues outside of the uterus at a number of sites.

Front 21

Hormone and Performance

Back 21

Luteal phase, higher estrogen and progesterone, better performance on verbal and fine motor skills. Worse on spatial ability and abstract reasoning (male abilities).

Front 22

Menstrual Cycle Phase and Sexual Interest

Back 22

Ovulation vs. luteal, women showed more interst in non-partner sex but no partner activity.

Front 23

Menopause

Back 23

Cessation of ovarian function, vasomotor experiences, sexual changes, osteoporosis.

Front 24

Prenatal Sexual Differentiation

Back 24

XY=Male, gonads differentiate into testes, testosterone secreted fetal genital anatomy masculinized.
XX= Female, Gonads differentiate into ovaries, testosterone is not secreted, fetal genital anatomy is feminized.

Front 25

Chromosomes, hormones and gonads

Back 25

Males: sex determining region of Y chromosome SRY causes creation of testes determining factor TDF and tested differentiate from undifferentiated gonad at about 7 weeks gestation.
Females: No Y chromosome, SRY of TDF and undifferentiated gonads develop into ovaries at 10-11 weeks.

Front 26

Mullerian Ducts

Back 26

Embyonic structures found in male and female fetuses, in females they degenerate, in males supported by testosterone develop into epydidymus, vas deferens and ejaculatory ducts.

Front 27

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Back 27

Girls with masculanized genital anatomy, adrenal androgens masculine's XX female's genitals.

Front 28

Testosterone Insensitivity Syndrome

Back 28

Boys with feminized genital anatomy. XY male lacks testosterone receptors and genitals not masculinized.

Front 29

Transgender

Back 29

Core gender differs from anatomic gender.

Front 30

Sexual Orientation

Back 30

Internal sexual and romantic interest

Front 31

Intersex

Back 31

Individual who has mixture of male and female reproductive structures, not clear at birth whether male of female.

Front 32

5 Alpha Reductase Deficiency

Back 32

XY male lacks biochemical required for testosterone utilization, assigned female at birth, masculinizes at puberty.

Front 33

John Money's Account

Back 33

Psychosexually neutral at birth, gender is social construction that is learned, appearance of genitalia is considered crucial to social construction and learning of gender. Surgery to reduce ambiguity.

Front 34

Sexual Differentiation During Puberty

Back 34

Increased FSH and LH production stimulate pubertal development and testosterone, estrogen and progesterone play major roles in sexual characteristic development in males and females.