(A) Erikson was an ego psychologist, who emphasized the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself. According to Erikson, the ego develops as it successfully resolves crises that are distinctly social in nature. These involve establishing a sense of trust in others, developing a sense of identity in society, and helping the next generation prepare for the future. (McLeod, 2013). Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development during adolescence 12-18 years is the ego identity Vs role confusion, whose basic virture is fidelity.
Successful completion of this stage will result to virtue of fidelity, which enables an individual to explore possibilities, form an identity, develop emotional stability, and be able to commit to and accept others even with different ideologies. A child that successfully completes each stage results in a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues, which are characteristic strengths required by the ego to resolve crises in future. On the other hand, failure to establish a sense of identity may result to role confusion, a feeling of not being sure of ones role in the society. In response to role confusion or identity crisis an adolescent may begin to experiment with different lifestyles, may be rebellous in the form of establishing a negative identity, and in addition to this feelings of unhappiness. (McLeod, 2013). Equally, failure to complete any stage may lead to reduced ability to complete further stages and therefore a more unhealthy personality and sense of self, and can equally be resolved successfully later in life.(McLeod, 2013) (B), A teen would be in Kolberg’s Conventional morality developmental stage. The reason is that at the conventional level, most adolescents begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models. …show more content…
The development of a healthy personality and the acquisition of basic virtues, which are characteristic strengths, enables the child to internalize autority, while reasoning is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs. It is a stage during which the child developes good interpersonal relationships. The individual is good and his basic virtues is used positively in order to be seen as being a good person by others. Therefore, answers are related to the approval of others. (McLeod, 2013) Equally, the child aims at maintaining the social order, and becomes aware of the wider rules of society so judgments concern obeying rules in order to uphold the law and to avoid guilt. (McLeod, 2013) The child’s basic virture is fidelity and he tries to up hold this in other to belong and fit in. (2) How do autonomy and attachment develop in adolescence. How do these contribute to healthy psychological development and the development of identity The adolescent’s ability to attain outonomy and gain control over their behavior is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for control, and the quest for autonomy should lead to an adults relinquishing of control in certain areas that the adolescent can make reasonable decisions and intervane in other areas where the adolecent’s knowledge is limited(santrock, 2013). Autonomy is developed as adolesents increasingly develop the ability to make independent and mature decisions and parents assist them to achieve this success. On the other hand securely attached adolescents are less likely than those who are insecurely attached to have drug abuse, and enable positive behavoirs and outcomes later in life. Secure attachmentcontributes to healthy psychological development and the development of identity as it leads to relationship competence, …show more content…
(Santrock, 2013) Testosterone in males, enables the development of male genital, increase height, deepening voice, facial hair and chest hair, and other male muscular features. Estroidiol, a type of estrogen in girls is responsible for the development of breasts, uterine, skeletal development and other female characteristics. (Santrock, 2013) However, both testosterone and estrogen are present in hormonal development of both males and females, with testosterone dominating in males and estroge dominating in females(Santrock, 2013).
a)Hormonal changes affect emotional functioning in various ways. Hormonal chages affect the psychological development in children. Emotionally, higher concentration of hormones enables a feeling of competence. Hormonal changes affect moods and behaviors, and these are expressed through stress manifestation, feeding pattern, sexual activities, depression and other complex emotional behaviors. (Santrock,