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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Afterbirth
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There are 3 stages of the actual birth process. Labor, delivery, and afterbirth.
The final stage, afterbirth, takes only 10 to 20 minutes and involves the detachment of the placenta from the wall of the uterus and the delivery of placenta and umbilical cord. |
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Alpha-fetoprotein Analysis (AFP)
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AFP is a protein produced in the fetus during early development that is never produced again. Most AFP should be contained within the fetus' own body, unless there is some opening in the body such as a spinal or abdominal defect. If AFP is found in the mother's blood stream, that is an indication that something may be wrong with the fetus. AFP analysis is done on the mother's blood.
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Alleles
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The genes for eye color and other traits.
If they are the same on each chromosome, they are said to be homogeneous. If they differ, they are heterogeneous. |
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Amniocentesis
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Amniocentesis is a medical procedure by which a small amount of amniotic fluid is withdrawn through a needle and then sent to a lab to be tested for chromosomal or genetic defects or abnormal chemical levels. Amniocentesis cannot be safely done until about 12-16 weeks into pregnancy, when there is ample fluid surrounding the fetus.
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Amnion
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The amnion is a fluid-filled bag that contains the embryo.
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Apgar Scale
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Apgar Scale is the first assessment done on a newborn. It was developed by pediatrician Virginia Apgar. The scale is administered at one and five minutes after birth, and each of five variables is rated on a 1 to 2 scale. 2 indicates normal development. The variables are heart rate (100-140 bpm), breathing rate, muscle tone, oxygenation of tissues as measured by skin or mucous membrane color, and reflex irritability, which is response to an unpleasant stimuli. Normal = 7 to 10 on Apgar. < 5 = serious problem.
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Autosomes
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The first 22 pairs of chromosomes. Genes on autosomes code for all types of body functions and structures.
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Behavior Genetics
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The field study that examines genetic contributions to human behavior.
A behavior geneticist often studies twins. |
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Cerebral Palsy
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Brain damage to the baby at the time of delivery and can result in physical and mental impairments.
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Cesarean Section
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A surgical removal of fetus due to complications.
Some complications of delivery can include breech position, where the buttocks or feet are delivered first, or small size of the mother's pelvis. |
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Chorionic Villus Biopsy
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Performed at 8-10 weeks of pregnancy, within the first trimester. A small piece of tissue from the inner lining of the placenta is removed and tested for genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. This procedure is much riskier and much more expensive than amniocentesis.
It tests for genetic disorders that cause terminal illnesses, such as Tay Sachs disease. |
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Chromosomes
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All humans have 46 chromosomes in the nuclei of every cell of their bodies. They come in 23 pairs and consist of tightly packed bundles of genes. (Hundreds of genes on each chromosome).
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Conception
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The process of combining the male gamete, or "sperm", with the female gamete, or "ovum". The product of this combination is a cell called a zygote.
AKA Fertilization |
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Delivery
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There are 3 stages of the actual birth process. Labor, delivery, and afterbirth.
The delivery stage (2nd stage) begins when the cervix has opened to about 10 cms. The delivery stage usually lasts about 1.5 hrs. Delivery of the baby takes from 10 to 40 mins for most women. |
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Double-helix strands of chemicals that resemble a spiral staircase. (DNA makes up the genes) Blueprints for human life. |
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Embryo
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A zygote divides many times before reaching the uterus, about a week after fertilization. Once it implants in the wall of the uterus, at 10 days to 2 weeks after conception, it is called an embryo.
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Embryonic Stage
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The embryonic stage lasts from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception. During this stage all of the organ systems are formed.
At 8-week mark, the embryo is just over one inch in length and weighs about 1/13th of an ounce. |
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Evolutionary Psychology
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Studies the ways that humans adapt and survive.
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Fertilization
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The process of combining the male gamete, or "sperm", with the female gamete, or "ovum". The product of this combination is a cell called a zygote.
AKA Conception |
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Fetal Stage
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The fetal stage extends from 8 weeks to birth, lasting approximately 7 months. The main changes during the fetal stage are in growth and refinement of body organs.
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Genes
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Genes are made up of DNA and make up the chromosomes.
(hundreds of tightly packed genes per chromosome) |
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Genome
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The entire package of genetic material.
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Genotypes
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A set of genes that every person is born with, but the actual expression of these genes varies.
Some genes never express at all, and some express in variable forms. |
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Germinal Stage
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The first stage of prenatal development, from conception to about 2 weeks.
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Gonads
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Gonads are the sex organs of the parents, where sperm and egg cells are formed.
It is where conception/fertilization begins. |
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Labor
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There are 3 stages of the actual birth process. Labor, delivery, and afterbirth.
The first stage, Labor, typically lasts from 12 to 24 hrs in the first pregnancy and 6 to 8 hrs for subsequent pregnancies. It is characterized by uterine contractions that cause the cervix to stretch open when the cervix has opened to about 10 cms, the delivery stage begins. |
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Low Birth Weight
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Some babies are born with low birth weight. They are born at a normal gestational age, but weigh less than 5.5 lbs.
Low birth weight can be due to the mother's smoking during pregnancy, the mother's use of alcohol or other drugs during pregnancy, birth defects, poor nutrition, or a host of other potential causes. |
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Meiosis
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Sperm & egg cells are different from the other cells of the human body in that they divide by a special process called meiosis in order to contain only half the genetic material.
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Mitosis
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All other cells of the body (besides sperm & egg cells) divide by mitosis, which results in two identical cells containing a full complement of chromosomes.
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Miscarriage
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Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) occurs in 15-20% of all pregnancies, often so early that the mother is not aware she was pregnant. The majority of miscarriages appear to be due to birth defects. Deliberate termination of a pregnancy is a difficult & complex decision for couples to make. Abortion is legal during the first 6 months of pregnancy.
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Monomorphic
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Identical from one person to another.
About 75% of our genes are monomorphic. These are the genes that make us humans, that give us 2 arms, 2 eyes, a nose, and a stomach. |
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Polymorphic
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Different from person to person.
25% of our genes are polymorphic. Code for variable traits. There are over 20,000 of these polymorphic genes, so no two people are exactly alike. |
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Natural Childbirth
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In natural childbirth methods (such as Lamaze) mothers and often fathers take classes about the labor and delivery experience and are taught breathing & relaxation methods that will decrease the need for pain medications that may adversely affect the fetus.
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Natural Selection
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Refers to the idea that some characteristics improve survival, thus animals with those characteristics are more likely to reproduce and perpetuate those characteristics. "Survival of the fittest" has been the motto of evolutionary biologists.
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Phenotypes
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What an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
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Placenta
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Part of the life-support system (consisting of placenta, umbilical cord, and amnion)
The placenta extracts nutrients and other substances from the mother's blood stream and transfers them to the embryo via the umbilical cord. |
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Polygenic Traits
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Polygenic traits are inherited in a much less straight forward manner. They are the result of more than one gene and usually some environmental influence.
Much of human behavior and disorder comes from the combination of several genes. |
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Premature
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(AKA Preterm)
Babies that are born too early. This is usually defines as prior to 38 weeks after conception. |
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Preterm
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(AKA Premature)
Babies that are born too early. This is usually defined as prior to 38 weeks after conception. |
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Reaction Range
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When gene expression is influenced strongly by the environment.
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Sex Chromosomes
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The last pair of chromosomes
Generally differs between men & women. Women have 2 X chromosomes, and men have an X and a Y Chromosome. The Y chromosome is the smallest one in the entire genome and only has a few genes on it. The most important is the SRY gene, which triggers a fetus to develop as a male. |
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Ultrasound Sonography
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Ultrasound/Sonography involves the transmission of high frequency sound waves into the mother's abdomen. The resulting "echo" produces a shadowy picture of the fetus. Ultrasound can be used for detecting large birth defects like microcephaly or spina bifida, for estimating the size of the fetus, and for identifying the precise location of the fetus (head down, breech, transverse, etc.), & Sex if position is just right.
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Umbilical Cord
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The nutrients and other substances that are extracted from the mother's bloodstream by the placenta, are transferred to the embryo via the umbilical cord. (a life-line)
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X-Linked
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Inheritance that is the most complicated, since it affects males & females differently. (An abnormal gene) If a recessive trait is carried on the x chromosome, women will usually have another have another gene on the other x to counteract it. But men only have one x chromosome, so they express the abnormal gene. In X-Linked traits, women are usually carriers and are rarely affected, whereas men express the trait, but cannot pass it on to their male children. They can only give one copy to daughters, who would then be carriers; since they only gave a Y chromosome to their sons, the sons would not be affected.
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Zygote
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The sperm enters the egg, the egg sends a signal that seals the wall from any further penetration, and the sperm cell splits apart and dumps its genetic material into the egg. It merges with the genetic material of the egg, and the newly fertilized egg, now called a zygote, can begin to divide.
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Frederick Leboyer
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A French obstetrician who opposed spanking or slapping the newborn, separating the mother & infant at birth, or shining bright lights in the newborn's eyes.
In his method, babies are born in a warm, softly lit room, placed on the mother's abdomen immediately after birth, and given time to adjust to life "outside" before the umbilical cord is cut. |
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Gregor Mendel
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In the 1860s, Gregor Mendel described 3 basic forms of genetic inheritance in his study of pea plants. He found that single genes can be inherited as Dominant, Recessive, or X-Linked traits. This is possible because genetic material comes in pairs. Each chromosome of a pair contains the same gene, such as for eye color, but they may code for different variations of the trait, such as blue, green, or brown eyes.
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Neural Tube Defects
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Failure of spinal cord or other part of nervous system to develop, resulting in paralysis at the level below the defect.
Causes are multifactorial; Folic acid deficiency may be one cause. |
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Cleft Lip & Palate
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Roof of mouth (palate) fails to close during prenatal development; lip does not fuse; results in cosmetic disfigurement, frequent ear infections, learning disabilities.
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Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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Progressive loss of muscle strength and control, shortened life span.
Causes: X-Linked. |
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Sickle Cell Disease
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Red blood cells are misshapen and do not squeeze through small blood vessels very well, resulting in clots, infections.
Causes: Autosomal Recessive. |
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Lung Problems, Frequent infections, Shortened life span.
Causes: Autosomal Recessive: mucous is too thick. |
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Causes: Autosomal Recessive: Missing the enzyme to break down phenylalanine.
If untreated, mental retardation, behavior problems caused by brain damage from circulating phenylalanine. Treatment: Eliminate phenylalanine from diet (meats, dairy products). |
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Neurofibromatosis
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Benign tumors on skin and along nerves, hyperpigmented spots on skin, learning disabilities, sometimes scoliosis, malignancies.
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Fragile X Syndrome
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Unknown Cause: marker on the X chromosome.
Mental retardation, large ears, prominent chin, enlarged testes. |
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Klinefelter Syndrome
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Extra X chromosome in a male, accident of cell division.
S&S: Somewhat tall, delayed puberty, infertility, learning disabilities. |
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Turner Syndrome
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Missing X Chromosome in a female, accident of cell division.
S&S: Ovaries do not develop, will not go into puberty without hormone intervention, short stature, heart defects, learning disabilities, webbed neck at birth. |
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Down Syndrome
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Extra #21 Chromosome, caused by an accident of cell division.
S&S: Learning impairments, characteristics facial appearance, hypotonia, heart defects. |
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Recessive
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Blue eyes are a recessive trait. It takes two of the same allele to produce a blue-eyed child. If both parents are carriers, the child has a 25% chance of receiving both the genes for the recessive trait and therefore expressing the trait. The child has a 25% chance of receiving both the other genes, and s/he has a 50% chance of receiving one of each and being a carrier, like the parents.
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Dominant
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Some traits are dominant, such as having brown eyes. If one or both of the alleles in the pair of chromosomes code for brown eyes, the child will have brown eyes. If one parent has a dominant trait or disorder, the child has at least a 50 % chance of inheriting the trait.
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Stages of the Birth Process
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1. Labor: Lasts from 12-24 hrs in 1st pregnancy, 6-8 hrs in subsequent pregnancies. Uterine contractions that cause the cervix to stretch open.
2. Delivery: When the cervix has opened to ~4 inches (10 cm) delivery begins. Takes about 10-40 mins. 3. Afterbirth: Takes only 10-20 mins. Involves the detachment of the placenta from the wall of the uterus & the delivery of the placenta & umbilical cord. |
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Environmental Factors that might disrupt Prenatal Development
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Viruses, bacteria, prescription and illegal drugs, and alcohol.
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Stages of Prenatal Development
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1. Germinal Stage (Zygote)
Conception to 2 wks after conception. (ends w/ an embryo) 2. Embryonic Stage 2-8 weeks after conception. Establishes life support (placenta & umbilical cord & amnion) All organ systems are formed. 3. Fetal Stage 8 weeks to birth. Growth & refinement of body organs. |
