Hula's Pre-Ap Biology Vocab Ch. 12

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bio-

Back 1

life

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-tech

Back 2

skill or art

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electro-

Back 3

electricity

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gen-

Back 4

produce

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liga-

Back 5

bound, tied

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poly-

Back 6

many

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proteo-

Back 7

proteins

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telos-

Back 8

an end

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trans-

Back 9

across

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biotechnology

Back 10

the manipulation of living organisms or their components to make useful products

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clone

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as a verb, to produce genetically identical copies of a cell, organism, or a DNA molecule. as a noun, the collection of cells, organisms, or molecules resulting from cloning; colloquially, a single organism that is genetically identical to another because it arose from the cloning of a somatic cell

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complementary DNA (cDNA)

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a DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It therefore corresponds to a gene but lacks the introns present in the DNA of the genome

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DNA ligase

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an enzyme, essential for DNA replication, that catalyzes the covalent bonding of adjacent DNA polynucleotide strands. it is used in genetic engineering to paste a specific piece of DNA containing a gene of interest into a bacterial plasmid or other vector.

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DNA profiling

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a procedure that analyzes DNA samples to determine if they came from the same individual

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DNA technology

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methods used to study and/or manipulate DNA

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forensics

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the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene and other legal proceedings

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gel electrophoresis

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a technique for separating and purifying macromolecules, either DNA or proteins. A mixture of the macromolecules is placed on a gel between a positively charged electrode and a negatively charged one. Negative charges on the molecules are attracted to the positive electrode, and the molecules migrate towards that electrode. The molecules separate in the gel according to their rates of migration, which is mostly determined by their size; smaller molecules generally move faster through the gel, while larger molecules generally move slower

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gene cloning

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the production of multiple copies of a gene

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gene therapy

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a treatment for a disease in which the patient's defective gene in supplemented or altered

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genetically modified organism (GMO)

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an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means. if the gene is from another species, the organism is also known as a transgenic organism

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genetic engineering

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the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

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genomic library

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a collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome. each segment is usually carried by a plasmid or phage

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genomics

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the study of complete sets of genes and their interactions

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Human Genome Project (HGP)

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an international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. The project was begun in 1990 and completed in 2004

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nucleic acid probe

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In DNA technology, a radioactively or fluorescentely labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to find a specific gene or other nucleotide sequence within a mass of DNA. it hydrogen-bonds to the complementary sequence in the targeted DNA

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plasmids

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a small ring of independently replicating DNA separate from the main chromosome(s)

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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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a technique used to obtain many copies of a DNA molecule or specific part of a DNA molecule. In the procedure, the starting DNA is mixed with a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, DNA nucleotides, and a few other ingredients. Specific nucleotide primers flanking the region to be copied ensure that it, and not other regions of the DNA, is replicated during the procedure

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primers

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short, artificially created, single-stranded DNA molecules that bind to each end of a target sequence during a PCR procedure

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proteomics

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the study of whole sets of proteins and their interactions

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recombinant DNA

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A DNA molecule that has been manipulated in the laboratory to carry nucleotide sequences derived from two sources, often different species

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repetitive DNA

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nucleotide sequences that are present in many copies in the DNA of a genome. the repeated sequences may be long or short and may be located next to each other or dispersed in the DNA

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restriction enzymes

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a bacterial enzyme that cuts of foreign DNA (at specific DNA sequences called restriction sites), thus protecting bacteria against intruding DNA from phages and other organisms. they are used in DNA technology to cut DNA molecules in reproducible ways. the pieces of cut DNA are called restriction fragments

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restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

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variation in the length of a restriction fragment. they are produced when homologous DNA sequences containing SNPs are cut up with restriction enzymes

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restriction fragments

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molecules of DNA produced from a longer DNA molecule cut up by a restriction enzyme. they are used in genome mapping and other applications

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restriction site

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a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a "cut site" by restriction enzymes

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reverse transcriptase

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an enzyme encoded and used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template

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short tandem repeat (STR)

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a series of short DNA sequences that are repeated many times in a row in the genome

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single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

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a one-nucleotide variation in DNA sequence found within the genomes of at least 1% of a population

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STR analysis

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short tandem repeat analysis; a method of DNA profiling that compares the lengths of short tandem repeats (STRs) selected from a specific site within that genome

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telomeres

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the repetitive DNA at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome

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transgenic organism

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an organism that contains genes from another species

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transposable elements

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a "jumping gene;" a segment of DNA that can move from one site to another within a cell and serve as an agent of genetic change

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vaccine

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a harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen used to stimulate a host organism's immune system to mount a long-term adaptive response against the pathogen

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vector

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in molecular biology, a piece of DNA, usually a plasmid or a viral genome, that is used to move genes from one cell to another

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whole-genome shotgun method

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a method for determining the DNA sequence of an entire genome. after a genome is cut into small fragments, each fragment is sequenced and then placed in the proper order