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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human Development 4 Major Goals
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1) to describe the changes that occur across the human life span
2) to explain changes 3) to predict developmental changes 4)to intervene in the course of events in order to control them |
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Developmental change, three fundamental domains
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physical development, cognitive development, and emotional-social development
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Brofenbrenners ecological approach to development
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examines the mutual accommodations between the developing person and four levels of expanding environmental influence from the network and social relationships and the physical settings in which a person is involved
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scientific method
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select a researchable problem, formulate a hypothesis, test that hypothesis, making the findings available to the scientific community
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developmental research
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longitudinal design, cross-sectional design, sequential design
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longitudinal design
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measures the same individual at regular intervals between birth and death
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cross-sectional design
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compares different groups of people of different ages at the same time
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sequential design
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measuring more than one age cohort over time
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case-study method
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a longitudinal study that describes one individuals experience and behavior over time and provides rich detail and description
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social survey method
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uses questionnaires, interveiws, and surveys to measure attitudes and behaviors of a sample of people who represent a larger group of the population
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naturalistic observation
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enables a researcher to study people independently of their ability or willingness to report on themselves
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cross-cultural method
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scientists to specify which theories in human development hold true for all societies
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Sigmund Freud
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psychoanalytic theory, personality development involves a series of psychosexual stages
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Erik Erikson
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nine psychosocial stages over the course of the life span, each of which confronts the individual with a major test that the individual must successfully resolve to achieve healthy psychosocial development
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cognitive theory
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examines internal mental representations such as sensation, reasoning, thinking, and memory
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jean piaget
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studied growing children and how they adjust to the world the live in
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four progressive stages of cognitive development
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
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Lev Vygotsky
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sociocultural theory, which focuses on the interaction between the individual and others in a social activity and on how individuals assimilate and internalize cultural meanings
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Brofenbrenner's ecological theory
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centers on the relationship between the developing individual and four expanding levels of changing environment, from home and family to the broader cultural context
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androgens
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principal male sex hormones (testosterone and androsterone)
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estrogen and progesterone
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female sex hormones
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dizygotic twins
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nonidentical, if two ova or more are released during the same menstrual cycle
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monozygotic twins
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identical twins, the result of one fertilized egg splitting into two identical parts after conception
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in vitro fertilization
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where fertilization occurs outside the womb
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heredity
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genetics is the scientific study of biological inheritance
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human genome
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the sequencing of the genetic blueprint of all the genes on their appropriate chromosomes
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chromosomes
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long threadlike structures made of protein and nucleic acid located in the nucleus of each cell
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DNA
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programs cells to make substances vital to life
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mitosis
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cell division through which nearly all cells of the human body replicate themseles
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meiosis
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replication process that takes place in the gametes (sperm and ovum) two cell divisions during which the chromosomes are reduced to half their original number
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Allele
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pair of genes at a specific place on the chromosome, can be dominant and hide traits of the allele, creating recessive character
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genotype
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genetic makeup, the phenotype is its observable characteristics
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prenatal period is divided into three parts
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germinal period, embryonic period, and the fetal period
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germinal period
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characterized by the growth of the zygote and the establishment of an initial linkage between the zygote and the support system of the mother through implantation in the uterus
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embryonic period
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the end of the second week to the end of the eighth week, the embryo grows rapidly, establishes a complex physical membrane exchange with the mother through the placenta, and differentiates the cheif organs in early structural form
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fetal period
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during which the organism is a fetus, begins with the ninth week and ends with birth
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teterogens
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birth defects
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birth process
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labor, delivery, and after birth
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delivery
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begins when the babys head passes through the cervix ad ends with the passage of the baby through the birth canal - concludes when the mothers body expels afterbirth
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Leboyer method of birth
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reflects the view that infants need a gentler delivery, lower sound and light levels, a warmer delivery room, newborn massage, and a warm bath
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Apgar scoring system
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heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and skin tone
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postmature
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those delivered more than 2 weeks after the usual 40 weeks of gestation in the womb
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infancy
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the first two years of life after birth
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reflex behaviors
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simple, involuntary, unlearned responses, such as sucking, coughing, blinking, yawning and stepping
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cephalocaudal
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from head to toe
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proximodistal
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from the center of the body toward the extremities
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Jerome Bruner
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children first represent the world through their physical/motor actions
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Ikonic representations
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images and pictures
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paralanguage
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gazing, pointing, gesturing, vocal stress, pitch, and volume
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speech development stages
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early vocalizations, cooing, babbling, holophrases, two word sentences, and three word sentences
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holophrases
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a single word that conveys different meanings, two and three word combinations demonstrate telegraphic speech and the first use of the structure we all call grammar
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emotions
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help humans survive and adapt to their environment, serve to guide and motivate human behavior, and support communication with others
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Izard's differential emotions theory
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suggests that emotions result from feedback consisting of sensation generated by facial and neuromuscular responses
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self- regulation
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one of the major emotional tasks of the first two years of infancy
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Greenspans' Functional Emotional Assessment Scale
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identifies children with atypical emotional development
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eriksons psychosocial view
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stresses an infants need to develop a basic sense of trust in the mother and/or father
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Bronfenbrenners ecological theory
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states that a young childs social-emotional development is affected by a variety of environmental influences
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ericksons 9 stages of psychosocial development
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trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Initiative vs. guilt, Industry vs. inferiority, Identity vs. Identity confusion, Intimacy vs, isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair, Hope and faith vs despair
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Freud's Psychosexual Stages
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Oral, anal and phallic
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cognitive development
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the ability to monitor and control own mental experiences and thought processes
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Emotion-social Development
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Changing from adolescence to adult
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Growth
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the increase in size that occurs with age
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maturation
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a component of developmental that involves the more or less automatic unfolding of biological potential in a sequence of physical changes and behavior patterns
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learning
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the more or less permanent change in behavior that results from the individuals experience in the environment across the entire lifespan
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four levels of bronfenbrenners ecological approach
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microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
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culture
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social heritage of people
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age strata
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social layers based on time periods in life
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social norms
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expectations that specify what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behaviors
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theory
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a set of interrelated statments that provides an explanation for a class of events
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decrement of attention
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losing interest watching an object or event that is unchanging
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six stages of attachment
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(0-3) self regulation (2-7) "falling in love" (3-10) developing intentional communication (9-18) Emergence of an organized sense of self (18-36) creating emotional ideas (30-40) emotional thinking
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Attachment
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an affectional bond that one individual forms for another and that endures across time and space
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three stages of attachment
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1. infants are aroused by all parts of their environment 2. infants display indiscriminate attachment 3. show sign of specific attchment
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psychoprophylactic birthing method
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encourages omen to relax and concentrate o how they breath when a contraction occurs
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Lamaze birthing method
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emphasized the mothers active participation in eery phase of labor
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Natural child birth
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refers to awake, aware and unmedicated mother to be
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pastpartum major depression (PPD)
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feeling of being unable to cope, thoughts of not wanting to take care of the baby and unrealistic fears and or thoughts of wanting to harm the baby
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microsystem
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the context involves the interaction of the developing person in an immediate setting or context
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Mesosystem
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process taking place with 2 or more settings
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exosystem
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two or more settings
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macrosystem
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consists of the most general values, beliefs, or ideologies that influence the ways specific institutions are organized
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chronosystem
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the longitudinal, over time, tejectory of human development
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physical growth
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overall size and body proportions, principles of physical development, brain maturation, skeletal development, muscle development
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psychometric cognitive development
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measurement of infant/toddler intelligence
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language
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the transmission and reception of ideas and feelings by means of verbal symbols
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