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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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First responders trained to the ____ level, are part of the initial defensive response to protect life, the environment and property. |
Operations P125 |
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Applying the APIE-T process, the first responsibility of the operations level responder is to ____ the incident. |
Analyze P125 |
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Analyzing the incident is the ___ step in the APIE-T process. |
First P125 |
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______ properties are the characteristics of a material that do not involve the chemistry or chemical nature of the material. |
Physical properties P126 |
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____ properties, describe how a material behaves in relation to physical influences, such as temperature and pressure, or how immaterial behaves, when mixed with, or compared to, another material. |
Physical properties P126 |
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____ properties, describe how a material behaves in relation to physical influences, such as temperature and pressure, or how immaterial behaves, when mixed with, or compared to, another material. |
Physical properties P126 |
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Matter exists in three states: -Gas -Solid -____ |
Liquid P126 |
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The materials state of matter all indicate how _____ that material may become, and can help determine if there will be far reaching hazardous properties. |
Mobile P126 |
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Incidents involving ____ are potentially the most dangerous for emergency responders. Many hazmat related injuries are due to the ____ of vapors or gases. |
Gases Inhalation P127 |
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___ Have an undefined, shape and volume and keep expanding if uncontained. |
Gases P127 |
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The ratio that a gas will expand (____ ratio) from its liquid state is a significant factor in mitigating a hazard incident involving materials under specific conditions. (especially cryogenic liquids and liquefied ____). |
Expansion ratio Liquefied gases P128 |
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Expanding gases can displace oxygen, creating an ____ atmosphere. |
Asphyxiating P128 |
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_____ present a splash or contact hazard. |
Liquids P128 |
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____ are the least mobile of the three states of matter. |
Solids P129 |
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_____meter (also known as micron) (um) is the unit measure typically used to express particle size. |
Micrometer P129 |
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Some corrosive gases are also an inhalation hazard. They include bromine, Chlorine and _____ ammonia. |
Anhydrous ammonia P128 |
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Solids, such as dry ice, elemental iodine, and naphthalene May ___ (transition directly from a solid to a gas). |
Sublimate P130 |
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_____-solid particle that is formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing its size through mechanical processes, such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading or blasting. |
Dust P130 |
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____-suspension of particles that form when material from a volatilized (vapor state) solid condenses in cool air. In most cases, the solid, smoke like particles, resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxide. |
Fume P130 |
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____-finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere. Mists are generated by liquids, convincing from a vapor back to a liquid or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state by splashing, foaming, or atomizing. Mists may also be generated during temperature differentials, such as temperature inversions. Mists are not usually pressurized. |
Mist P130 |
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_____ -form of pressurized mist characterized by Highly respirable, minute liquid or solid particles. Usually identifiable by its high speed of travel. |
Aerosol P130 |
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____-solid particles, whose length is several times greater than its diameter. Formed by a disruption of the natural state. Usually not visibly identifiable in the air. |
Fiber P130 |
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___ -gaseous form of a material that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room, temperature and pressure. Vapors are formed by evaporation from a liquid or sublimation from a solid, and are visible as atmospheric disturbances. (wavy lines.) over a surface. Vapors are volatile. |
Vapor P130 |
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___-visible aerosol of a liquid formed by condensation. Liquefied gases that auto refrigerate at low pressure will form fogs. Fog particulates, have a smaller, droplet size than mists. Usually identifiable and discernible from an aerosol by. It’s relatively low speed of travel that is dependent on wind speed. |
Fog P130 |
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____ change occurs when a substance alters physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) but the chemical composition remains the same. |
Physical
P130 |
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____ change occurs when a substance alters physical state (solid, liquid, or gas) but the chemical composition remains the same. |
Physical
P130 |
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There are __ different processes involved in physical change. Melting Freezing Vaporization Condensation Sublimation Deposition |
Six P131 |
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____-the temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure. |
Melting P131 |
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____-the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid at normal atmospheric pressure. |
Freezing P131 |
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____- the process by which a liquid becomes a gas at normal atmospheric pressure. |
Vaporization P131 |
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____-the process by which a vapor in the air is changed into a liquid. |
Condensation P131 |
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____-the process by which a vapor in the air is changed into a liquid. |
Condensation P131 |
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___-change directly from a solid to a gas without going into a liquid state in between. |
Sublimation P131 |
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____-the process by which a vapor in the air is changed into a liquid. |
Condensation P131 |
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___-change directly from a solid to a gas without going into a liquid state in between. |
Sublimation P131 |
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____- change directly from a vapor to solid without going into a liquid state in between. |
Deposition P131 |
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____ is the force per unit of area applied perpendicular to a surface. |
Pressure P131 |
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_____ pressure is the baseline measurement for pressure. |
Atmospheric pressure P131 |
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_____ pressure is the baseline measurement for pressure. |
Atmospheric pressure P131 |
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Higher altitudes have a ____ pressure. Lower altitudes have a ____ pressure. |
Lower Higher P131 |
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_____ pressure is the baseline measurement for pressure. |
Atmospheric pressure P131 |
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Higher altitudes have a ____ pressure. Lower altitudes have a ____ pressure. |
Lower Higher P131 |
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1 ATM of pressure = (__.7 psi) |
14.7 P131 |
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Differences in pressure above or below standard pressure create movement in gases. Gases always move from areas of higher pressure to areas of __ pressure. |
Lower P132 |
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Differences in pressure above or below standard pressure create movement in gases. Gases always move from areas of higher pressure to areas of __ pressure. |
Lower P132 |
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____ pressure is the pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container. ____ pressure can be viewed as the measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize. |
Vapor pressure Vapor pressure P132 |
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Materials with a vapor pressure over ___ mmHg will be gases under normal conditions. |
760 mmHg P132 |
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Vapor pressure measurements are based on a standard temperature of ___ degrees Fahrenheit at 1 atmosphere. |
68 degrees P132 |
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While any material with a vapor pressure under 760 mmHg may technically be a liquid or solid, when released from its container, a vapor pressure near 760 mmHg means the material will _____ rapidly. |
Evaporate P132 |
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The higher, the temperature of a substance, the higher it’s _____ pressure will be. The vapor pressure of a material at 100°F will always be ____ than the vapor pressure of the same material at 68°F. |
Vapor Higher P132 |
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The ____ the boiling point (the temperature, at which a liquid turns into a gas) of a material, the ___ it’s vapor pressure will be. If a material has a low boiling point, it requires less heat to change from a liquid into a gas. |
Lower the boiling point Higher the vapor P132 |
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A liquid vapor pressure increases as the temperature _____. |
Rises P132 |
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Vapor pressure may also indicate the degree to which a material will present an inhalation hazard. Substances, with higher vapor pressures are much more likely to produce fumes or ____. Materials with lower vapor pressures are less likely to produce fumes or vapors. |
Vapors P133 |
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_____ Point is the temperature at which liquids change to a gas at a given pressure. Boiling point is usually expressed in degrees Fahrenheit at ___ level, air pressure. |
Boiling point Sea level P133 |
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_____ Point is the temperature at which liquids change to a gas at a given pressure. Boiling point is usually expressed in degrees Fahrenheit at ___ level, air pressure. |
Boiling point Sea level P133 |
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A _____ can occur when a liquid within a container is heated, causing the material inside to boil or vaporize. |
BLEVE P133 |
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Boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid will boil at ____ level. |
Sea level P133 |
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_____ most commonly occur when the flames contact a tank shell above the liquid level or one insufficient water is applied to keep a tank Shell cool. |
BLEVEs P133 |
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____ gravity is the ratio of the density (mass per volume) of a material to the density of a standard material, usually an equal volume of water, at standard conditions of pressure and temperature. |
Specific gravity P135 |
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____ gravity is the ratio of the density (mass per volume) of a material to the density of a standard material, usually an equal volume of water, at standard conditions of pressure and temperature. |
Specific gravity P135 |
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If a volume of a material weighs 8 pounds, and an equal volume of water weighs 10 pounds, the material is said to have a specific gravity of 0.8. Materials with specific gravity is less than one will ____ in or on water. Materials with specific gravity is greater than one will ____ in water. |
Less than 1, float Greater than 1, sink P135 |
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Most, but not all flammable liquids have specific gravity less than one and will __ on water. |
Float P135 |
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_____ weight (mw) is used to determine vapor density. Air has a molecular weight of __g/mol. Vapor density is the molecular weight of a given material divided by the weight of ____. |
Molecular weight 29g/mol Air P135 |
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____ density is the weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure. |
Vapor density P135 |
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A vapor density less than one indicates a vapor, lighter than air; while a vapor density greater than one indicates a vapor heavier than air. Lighter than air gases and vapors will ___, while heavier than air, gases and vapors will ____. |
Rise Sink P135 |
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Few gases are lighter than air. Any gas with a vapor density less than ___ will be lighter than air and will rise into the atmosphere. |
One P135 |
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Most gases have a vapor density greater than ___; they will sink in relation to ambient air, and will displace oxygen at low elevations. |
One P136 |
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Vapor density varies with the temperature of the vapor or gas. Hot vapors will arise, but unless totally dispersed, they will sink once they have ___. Cold vapors are dense and will stay low, but will rise as they ____. |
Cooled Warm P136 |
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The ___ of chemical is its ability to remain in the environment when unconfined. |
Persistence P136 |
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_____ is related to vapor pressure and boiling point. A material with low vapor pressure and high boiling point, will not vaporize readily. Persistence is not typically referenced on an ___. |
Persistence SDS P136 |
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____ is the measure of the thickness or flow ability of a liquid at a given temperature. |
Viscosity P136 |
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Numerical values sometimes described viscosity, with higher numbers, indicating higher viscosity. Viscosity determines the ease with which a product will ___; it is greatly affected by ____. |
Flow Temperature P136 |
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_____ is the process of injecting and odorant into a combustible gas so that it is detectable by smell. The smell of natural gas, based on an additive, _____, is similar to that of rotten eggs or sewage. |
Odorization Mercaptan P137 |
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The hazardous materials, transportation regulations, 49 CFR 173 requires that all LPG in cargo tanks and portable tanks be effectively _____. |
Odorized P138 |
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____ in water Expresses the percentage of the material (by weight) that will dissolve a quantity of water at ambient temperature. A substances ____ affects whether it mixes In water. Solubility information can be useful in determining spill, cleanup methods, and extinguishing agents. |
Solubility Solubility P138 |
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When a water-soluble liquid such as a ___ solvent (alcohol, methanol, MEK) combines with water, the two liquids mix. |
Polar solvent P138 |
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_____, chemical reactions, exposure, and time will affect materials and change their characteristics. |
Degradation P138 |
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The following terms describes degrees of solubility: -Negligible (insoluble)-Less than __ percent. -Slight (slightly soluble) - from 0.1 to ___ percent. -Moderate (moderately soluble) from 1 to __ percent. -Appreciable (partly soluble) more than 10 to __ percent. -Complete- soluble at all proportions. |
Negligible -less than 0.1 percent Slight- from 0.1 to 1 percent Moderate- from 1 to 10 percent Appreciable- more than 10 to 25 percent Complete- soluble at all proportions P139 |
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____ describes the ability of two or more gas or liquid to mix with or to dissolve into each other. |
Miscibility P139 |
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Two liquids or gases are ____ if they mix or dissolve into each other in any proportion. Typically, two materials that do not readily dissolve into each other are considered _____. |
Miscible Immiscible P139 |
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Chemical ___ describe the chemical nature of a material and the behaviors and interactions that occur at a molecular level. |
Properties P139 |
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Chemical ___ describe the chemical nature of a material and the behaviors and interactions that occur at a molecular level. |
Properties P139 |
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The chemical ___ of a substance describes its relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with itself or other materials. |
Reactivity P139 |
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Chemical ___ describe the chemical nature of a material and the behaviors and interactions that occur at a molecular level. |
Properties P139 |
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The chemical ___ of a substance describes its relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with itself or other materials. |
Reactivity P139 |
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___ materials, commonly react vigorously or violently with air, water, heat, light, each other, or other materials. |
Reactive P139 |
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A reactivity ____ can be used to explain all the basic components of many ( though not all) chemical reactions: an oxidizing agent (oxygen), a reducing agent (fuel), and an activation energy source (often, but not always,heat). |
Triangle P139 |
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A reactivity ____ can be used to explain all the basic components of many ( though not all) chemical reactions: an oxidizing agent (oxygen), a reducing agent (fuel), and an activation energy source (often, but not always,heat). |
Triangle P139 |
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Many reactions need an oxidizing agent, a ____ agent, and some kind of activation energy to get them started. |
Reducing P139 |
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All reactions require some energy to get them started (commonly referred to as _____ energy) |
Activation, energy P140 |
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Reactions that have __-activation energy need a little help to begin initialization. |
Low activation P140 |
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First responders May see terms such as light, sensitive, heat, sensitive, or shock sensitive on SDSs and/or manufacturers labels, indicating that those products have an increased assessability to those sources of ____ energy. |
Activation P140 |
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First responders Macy terms, such as light, sensitive, heat, sensitive, or shock sensitive on SDSs and/or manufacturers labels, indicating that those products have an increased assessability to those sources of ____ energy. |
Activation P140 |
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Strong ____ are materials that encourage a strong reaction (by readily excepting electrons) from ____ agents (fuels). |
Oxidizers Reducing agents P140 |
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Many ____ materials, ignite spontaneously, when they come into contact with a strong oxidizer. |
Organic P140 |
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Liqued _____ is a powerful oxidizer. If spilled on asphalt, very little energy is needed to cause an explosion. |
liquid oxygen P140 |
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The reducing agent in the reactivity triangle acts as the ____ source for the reaction. |
Fuel P142 |
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Oxidation-_____ (redox) reactions can be extremely violent and dangerous. |
Oxidation reduction P142 |
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_____ Is a chemical reaction in which simple molecules combine to form long chain molecules. Catalysts will increase the rate of polymerization and decrease the activation energy necessary for further polymerization. |
Polymerization P142 |
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_____ Is a chemical reaction in which simple molecules combine to form long chain molecules. Catalysts will increase the rate of polymerization and decrease the activation energy necessary for further polymerization. |
Polymerization P142 |
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Uncontrolled polymerization, often result in a tremendous release of energy. Materials that may undergo violent polymerization, if subjected to heat or contamination are designated with a P in the ___ and ___ sections of the ERG. |
Blue and yellow P142 |
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____ are materials added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent and undesired reaction. ______ increase the needed activation energy. |
Inhibitors Inhibitors P142 |
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____ are materials added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent and undesired reaction. ______ increase the needed activation energy. |
Inhibitors Inhibitors P142 |
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____ are commonly divided into two broad categories: acids and bases (bases are sometimes called alkalis or ____). |
Corrosives Caustics P143 |
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The corrosivity of acids and bases is often measured or expressed in terms of __. |
Ph P143 |
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The power of hydrogen (ph) scale measures the acidity and alkalinity (basicity) of a water-based solution. The ph scale ranges from zero (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic). A ph of ___ is neutral; neither acidic nor basic. |
7 is neutral P143 |
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____ have pH values from 0 to 6.9. And acid may cause severe chemical burns to flesh and permanent eye damage. Contact with an acid typically causes immediate pain. |
Acids P143 |
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____ have pH values of 7.1 to 14. A base breaks down fatty tissues and can penetrate deeply into the body. Contact with a base does not normally cause immediate pain. A common sign of exposure to a base is a greasy or slick feeling of the skin, which is caused by _____, the breakdown of fatty tissues. |
Bases Saponification P143 |
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Strength and ____ are two concepts that are important to understand when analyzing the hazards of corrosive materials. ____ is in terms of weak and strong. The strength is determined by how thoroughly an acid or base disassociates (dissolves and or ionizes) in water. Strength is measured on the ___ scale. |
Strength and concentration Strength Ph scale P144 |
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____ is the amount of an acid or base mixed with water (a ratio of material to water). The most common concentration measurement is ____. Concentration may also be expressed with words such as dilute or concentrated. A concentrated acid or base solution contains little to no added water, or other solvent. A dilute acid or base solution contains a lot of added water, or other solvent. |
Concentration Percentage P144 |
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____ solutions are usually referred to as alkaline rather than basic, but again, the two terms are used synonymously. |
Basic solutions P144 |
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____ point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface. |
Flash point P144 |
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____ point is the temperature at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off enough vapors to support continuous burning. A materials Firepoint is usually only a few degrees (10-30 degrees Fahrenheit) ____ than it’s flash point. |
Fire point Higher P144 |
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A substance will not burn if it is not at its ___ point temperature. Flammable _____ have extremely low flashpoints so they are not considered flammable all the time. |
Flash point Gases P144 |
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The flashpoint is commonly used to determine the flammability of liquid. Liquids that have low flashpoints and burn easily are designated as ____ liquids, whereas liquids with higher flashpoints that do not burn as easily are called _____ liquids. |
Flammable liquids Combustible liquids P145 |
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The flashpoint is commonly used to determine the flammability of liquid. Liquids that have low flashpoints and burn easily are designated as ____ liquids, whereas liquids with higher flashpoints that do not burn as easily are called _____ liquids. |
Flammable liquids Combustible liquids P145 |
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A flammable materials hazards come from the properties, such as ___ point, ___ point, ___ point, and ignition temperature. |
Flashpoint Firepoint boiling point P145 |
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The ____ temperature (sometimes called the auto ignition point) of a substance is the minimum temperature to watch the fuel in the air must be heated to self sustained combustion without initiation from an independent ignition source. |
Autoignition temperature P146 |
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All flammable materials have autoignition temperatures, and these are considerably higher than the flash and fire points. For example, the auto ignition temperature of gasoline is about ____ Degrees Fahrenheit, but the flashpoint of gasoline is ____ degrees Fahrenheit, according to WISER. |
Auto-ignition gasoline 536* Flashpoint gasoline -45* P146 |
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The flammable and explosive range is the percentage of the gas or vapor concentration in the air that will burn or explode if ignited. The lower ____ limit (LEL) or lower _____ limit (LFL) of a vapor or gas is the lowest concentration (or lowest percentage of the substance in air) that will burn when ignition source is present. |
Explosive Flammable P146 |
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Concentration is lower than the LEL, the mixture is too ___ to burn. |
Lean P146 |
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The upper _____ limit (UEL) or upper _____ limit (UFL) of a vapor or gas is the highest concentration (or highest percentage of the substance in air) that will burn when an ignition source is present. |
Explosive Flammable P147 |
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The upper _____ limit (UEL) or upper _____ limit (UFL) of a vapor or gas is the highest concentration (or highest percentage of the substance in air) that will burn when an ignition source is present. |
Explosive Flammable P147 |
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At higher concentration, the mixture is too ____ to burn. |
Rich P147 |
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The upper _____ limit (UEL) or upper _____ limit (UFL) of a vapor or gas is the highest concentration (or highest percentage of the substance in air) that will burn when an ignition source is present. |
Explosive Flammable P147 |
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At higher concentration, the mixture is too ____ to burn. |
Rich P147 |
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Products with a low ___ and products with a wide range between the LEL and UEL are especially dangerous. |
LEL P147 |
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The upper _____ limit (UEL) or upper _____ limit (UFL) of a vapor or gas is the highest concentration (or highest percentage of the substance in air) that will burn when an ignition source is present. |
Explosive Flammable P147 |
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At higher concentration, the mixture is too ____ to burn. |
Rich P147 |
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Products with a low ___ and products with a wide range between the LEL and UEL are especially dangerous. |
LEL P147 |
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An ____ is a suspension of fine, solid particles or liquid droplets, in air or another gas. |
Aerosol P147 |
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In general, ___ are the least mobile and ___ have the greatest mobility. |
Solids Gases P126 |
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An important consideration for fire suppression activities is that flammable liquids will __ on water. |
Float P135 |
