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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The least energetic form of radiation is ____ radiation such as visible light, microwaves, and radio waves. The most energetic and hazardous form of radiation is ____ radiation. |
Non ionizing Ionizing P148 |
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_____ radiation is divided into four types: alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron. |
Ionizing P148 |
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_____. Energetically positively charged alpha particles are emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay and rapidly lose energy when passing through matter. Alpha particles do not travel far in open air; you may have to get very close to the source for the equipment to detect particles. |
Alpha P148 |
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____ particles lose energy rapidly when traveling through matter, and do not penetrate deeply. ____ particles, can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper. |
Alpha Alpha P148 |
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____ radiation is the hardest to protect against because it is highly penetrating. |
Neutron P149 |
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____ fast moving- positively charged or negatively charged electrons that are emitted from the atoms nucleus during radioactive decay. |
Beta P149 |
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___ particles can penetrate further than alpha particles but cause less damage over equally traveled distances. |
Beta P149 |
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____ particles travel appreciable distances in air but can be stopped by a layer of clothing, a thin sheet of metal, or thick plexiglass. Detection distances for beta particles vary, based on the isotope and activity of the source. Compared to alpha radiation, beta radiation will travel ___. |
Beta Further P149 |
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Gamma rays are high-energy ____ (weightless packets of energy like visible and X rays). One source of gamma radiation in the environment is naturally occur-ring potassium-__. Common industrial gamma emitting sources include cobalt-60, iridium-192, and cesium-137. |
Potassium-40 P150 |
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Structural fire fighting protective clothing no protection against ___ radiation. |
Gamma P150 |
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X rays and ____ rays are high-energy electromagnetic radiation commonly referred to as photons. |
Gamma P150 |
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Machines such as those in medical facilities and airports are almost exclusively the sole source of terrestrial ___ radiation. |
X-ray P150 |
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_____ are particles that have a physical mass but have no electrical charge. Neutrons are highly penetrating. Shielding from neutron radiation requires material with high amounts of hydrogen, such as oil, water, and concrete. |
Neutrons P150 |
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Fission reactions produce neutrons along with gamma radiation. Soil moisture density gauges, often used at construction sites, are a common source of neutron ____. |
Radiation P150 |
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Radioactive materials (___) emit ionizing radiation. |
RAM P150 |
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A person May receive a ___ of radiation based upon the length of exposure, energy, and type of source (alpha, beta, gamma, or neutron). |
Dose P151 |
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Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on surfaces, skin, clothing, or any place where it is not desired. Radioactive contamination can spread contamination great distances. Contamination can also be transferred by ___. |
Touch P151 |
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A person is _____ contaminated (and receives external exposure) when radioactive material is on the skin or clothing. |
Externally P151 |
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A person is _____ contaminated (and receives internal exposure) when radioactive material is inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through wounds. |
Internally P151 |
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The environment is _______ when radioactive material is spread about or is unconfined. Environmental contamination is another potential source of external exposure. |
Contaminated P151 |
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The effects of _____ radiation occur at the cellular level. |
Ionizing P151 |
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The biological effects of _____ radiation depend on how much and how fast a radiation dose is received. |
Ionizing P151 |
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Exposure to radiation received in a short period of Is considered an acute dose. ____ exposure are usually associated with large doses. |
Acute P151 |
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____ doses. Small amounts of radiation received over a long period of time. The body is better equipped to handle a ____ dose of radiation than an acute radiation dose. |
Chronic doses Chronic doses P151 |
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______ -quantifiable measurement of activity in a sample of material. Measured in curie (Ci) and becqueral (Bq). |
Radioactivity P152 |
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______ -amount of radiation in the ambient air of a specific place. Measured in roentgen (R) and coulomb/kilogram (C/kg). |
Exposure P152 |
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_____ dose- amount of radiation energy deposited in a material. Measured in radiation, absorbed dose (rad) and gray (Gy). |
Absorbed dose P152 |
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____ equivalent-absorbed dose plus medical effects. Measured in roentgen equivalent in man (rem) and sievert (Sv). Biological dose equivalents are measured in rem and _____ (Sv). |
Dose equivalent Sieverts P152 |
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Regulated class 7 radioactive materials, packages will be marked with a ___ identification number. |
UN P152 |
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While most incidents involving radioactive materials, present minimal risk to emergency responders, it is still necessary to take appropriate precautions to prevent unnecessary exposures. One basic protection strategy uses time, distance, and ___. |
Shielding P152 |
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_____ -decrease the amount of time spent in the areas where there is radiation. |
Time P153 |
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____-know your dose rate to know the safe distances from the radioactive material. Increase the distance from the radiation source. Doubling the distance from a point source divides the dose rate by a factor of __. This calculation is referred to as the inverse ___ law. |
Distance 4 Inverse square law P153 |
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When the radius doubles, the radiation spreads over ___ times as much area, so the dose rate is only one fourth as much. |
4 times P153 |
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Doubling the distance from radiation source, divides the dose rate by a factor of ____. |
Four P153 |
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____-create a barrier between responders and the radiation source with a building, earthen mounds, or vehicle. Buildings, especially those made of brick, or Concrete , provide considerable shielding from radiation. |
Shielding P153 |
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Using time, distance, and shielding to limit exposure to radiation, is sometimes referred to as the _____ (as low as reasonably achievable) method, or principal. |
ALARA P153 |
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The degree to which a substance causes harm within the body is called its ____. |
Toxicity P153 |
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A Chemical injury at the site of contact (typically the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, or respiratory tract) is termed, a ___ toxic effect. |
Local P153 |
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Many ____ absorbed through the skin, distribute to other sites in the body, and produce adverse effects, such as seizures, or cardiac, pulmonary, or other problems. |
Pesticides P153 |
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_____ prevent access to sufficient volumes of oxygen. They can be divided into two classes: simple and chemical. ___ asphyxiates are gases that displace place oxygen. These gases may dilute or displace. The oxygen concentration below the level required to sustain life. |
Asphyxiants P155 |
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___ asphyxiant or materials that prohibit the body cells from using oxygen. |
Chemical P155 |
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___ asphyxiates work by interfering with oxygen, transport, or absorption in the body. The most common source of asphyxiant poisoning is ____ monoxide. (CO) |
Chemical Carbon P155 |
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_____-cause temporary, sometimes severe, inflammation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory system. Irritants often attack the bodies, mucus membranes, such as the surfaces of the eyes, or the linings of the nose, mouth, throat, and lungs. |
Irritants P155 |
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_____-cause involuntary muscle contractions (convulsions). Convulsants can kill if the victim asphyxiates or succumbs to exhaustion, while convulsing. |
Convulsants P155 |
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_____ and sensitizers- ___ cause an overreaction of the immune system (allergic reactions) in people or animals. Sensitizers our materials that cause a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after one or more exposures to that material. |
Allergens and sensitizers Allergens P155 |
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__ is an aerosol comprised of gases, vapor, and solid particulates. |
Smoke P156 |
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__ is an aerosol comprised of gases, vapor, and solid particulates. |
Smoke P156 |
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Exposure to as little as 0.2% carbon monoxide can result in unconsciousness within ____ minutes. |
30 minutes P156 |
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_____ ____ (_) -is a chemical is fixing it as a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of organic (Carbon-containing) materials. This gas is probably the most common products of combustion encountered in structure fires. |
Carbon monoxide (CO) P157 |
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Carbon ___ (__) -is a product of incomplete combustion of organic materials. It acts as a simple asphyxiant by displacing oxygen. |
Carbon dioxide (CO2) P157 |
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___ hazards (or biological agents) are organic substances and micro organisms that pose a threat to the health of humans and other living organisms. |
Biological hazards P157 |
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Biological hazards, cause illness or cell destruction through their toxicity, and others may transmit disease through a ____. |
Vector P157 |
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Biological hazards, cause illness or sell destruction through their toxicity, and others may transmit disease through a ____. |
Vector P157 |
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_____ are organisms or inanimate objects that spread infection by transmitting pathogens into a living organism. |
Vectors P157 |
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____ are the simplest types of micro organisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of the hosts. Viruses do not respond to antibiotics. |
Viruses P157 |
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____ -are microscopic, single celled organisms. Bacteria may cause disease in people either by invading the tissues or by producing toxins (poisons). |
Bacteria P157 |
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____ toxins- biological toxins are produced by living organisms; however, the biological organism itself is usually not harmful to people. |
Biological toxins P157 |
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When biological hazards cause a disease, they are considered _____ hazards. Infectious diseases are caused by the reproduction and spread of micro organisms. (Pathogens) in the body. |
Etiological P157 |
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Exposure to _____ hazards may occur in biological and medical laboratories, agricultural facilities, or when dealing with people or animals who are carriers of such diseases. |
Biological P158 |
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Exposure to _____ hazards may occur in biological and medical laboratories, agricultural facilities, or when dealing with people or animals who are carriers of such diseases. |
Biological P158 |
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____-the container undergoes, a physical, thermal, or other types of damage that reduces its ability to function and leads to breach or failure. |
Stress P158 |
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Exposure to _____ hazards may occur in biological and medical laboratories, agricultural facilities, or when dealing with people or animals who are carriers of such diseases. |
Biological P158 |
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____-the container undergoes, a physical, thermal, or other types of damage that reduces its ability to function and leads to breach or failure. |
Stress P158 |
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___- the container becomes open to the environment. A breach or failure of the container, may be partial (as in puncture) or total (as in disintegration). |
Breach P159 |
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___- when a container, reaches or fails, contacts, stored energy, and pieces of the container may be expelled into the environment (Release). |
Release P159 |
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____/____- this occurs as the hazardous material inside the container release and move away from the container. Patterns of dispersion are influenced by chemistry, physics, environmental factors, and the chemical and physical characteristics of the product. |
Dispersion/engulfment P159 |
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____/contact-anything (such as persons, the environment, or property) in the area of the release, is exposed to the hazardous material. |
Exposure P159 |
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____/contact-anything (such as persons, the environment, or property) in the area of the release, is exposed to the hazardous material. |
Exposure P159 |
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___-depending on the container, hazardous material, and energy involved, exposures may result in harm or damage. The seven mechanisms of Harm are: Thermal, radiological, asphyxiating, chemical, etiological/biological, mechanical, and psychological. |
Harm P159 |
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Container stress is caused by thermal energy, chemical, energy, and _____ energy. |
Mechanical energy P159 |
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Thermal ____ may increase internal pressure and reduce container, shell integrity, resulting in sudden failure. |
Thermal stress P159 |
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___ energy- uncontrolled reactions/interactions of the container and its contents. |
Chemical energy P159 |
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The appearance of frost is an indicator that a container is under ____ stress. |
Thermal P159 |
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____ energy-physical application of energy could result in containers/attachment damage. |
Mechanical energy P160 |
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____ energy-physical application of energy could result in containers/attachment damage. |
Mechanical energy P160 |
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Common causes of ____ stress include collision, impact, or internal overpressure. |
Mechanical P160 |
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The materials, a state of matter will affect the ___ levels of containers. |
Stress P161 |
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The materials, a state of matter will affect the ___ levels of containers. |
Stress P161 |
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The Stress created by an uncontrolled polymerization (____ stress) may cause container failure. |
Chemical Stress P161 |
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Most solids containers will be damaged via ____ stressors, rather than physical properties of the materials contained in them. |
Mechanical P161 |
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When a container is stressed beyond it’s limits of ___, it opens or breaches and releases its contents. |
Limits if recovery P162 |
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_______-occurs in containers that are made of brittle material (or that have been made it more brittle buy some form of stress). The container sustains a general loss of integrity. Examples of disintegration include a glass bottle shattering or grenade exploding. |
Disintegration P162 |
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_____ _____ -breaks the container into two or more relatively large pieces (fragmentation) or large tears. A crack develops in a container, and continues to grow rapidly. Runaway cracking often occurs in closed containers, such as drums, tank, cars, or cylinders. |
Runaway cracking P162 |
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Runaway linear cracking is commonly associated with _____. |
BLEVE’s P162 |
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Attachments (____) open or break- may fail, open, or break off when subjected to stress, leading to a total failure of a container. When evaluating an attachment (such as a pressure, relief, device, discharge valve, or other related equipment) that failed, first responders should consider the entire system, and the effect of a failure at a given point. |
Closures P162 |
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____-occurs when foreign object penetrate through a container, such as forklift, puncturing, drums, and couplers puncturing a rail tank. car |
Puncture P162 |
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____-occurs when foreign object penetrate through a container, such as forklift, puncturing, drums, and couplers puncturing a rail tank. car |
Puncture P162 |
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Split or ___- containers may also be reached through a split, such as a Welded seam on a tank, or when a drum fails. The mechanical or thermal stressors may cause splits or tears, such as when a seam on a bag of fertilizer rips. |
Split or tear P162 |
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____ are classified according to how fast they occur: |
Releases P163 |
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____-instantaneous and explosive. The duration of a detonation can be measured in hundreds or thousands of a second. An ____ is an example of a detonation. |
Detonation P163 |
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____-instantaneous and explosive. The duration of a detonation can be measured in hundreds or thousands of a second. An ____ is an example of a detonation. |
Detonation P163 |
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___ rupture- immediate release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks. Violent ruptures occur within a timeframe of __ second or less |
Violent ruptures One second or less P163 |
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Rapid ___-fast release of a pressurized hazardous material through properly operating safety devices. This action may occur Spanning several seconds to several ____. Damaged valves, damage to piping, damaged attachments, or holes in a container can result in rapid relief. |
Rapid relief P163 |
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__/leak- slow release of a hazardous material through holes, ribs, tears, or usual openings/attachments. Spills and leaks can occur in a period lasting for several minutes to several ____. |
Days P163 |
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____ ____ occurs when pressurized gas is released through properly operating safety devices. |
Rapid relief P163 |
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The dispersion of a material is sometimes referred to as ___. |
Engulfment P164 |
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____ occurs when a product disperses, forming a danger zone. |
Engulfment P164 |
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____ occurs when a product disperses, forming a danger zone. |
Engulfment P164 |
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Gas and vapor dispersion patterns are described as a hemispheric release, cloud, pattern, Plume, or ____. |
Cone P164 |
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____-semi circular or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous material that is still partially in contact with the ground or water. A ____ release generally results from a rapid release of energy (such as detonation, deflagration, and violent rupture). |
Hemispheric Hemispheric P165 |
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____-generally travels outward in all directions from the point of release. |
Energy P165 |
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____-generally travels outward in all directions from the point of release. |
Energy P165 |
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____ of energy-affected by terrain and cloud cover. Solid cloud cover can reflect the detonation shockwave, increasing the explosion impact. |
Dispersion of energy P165 |
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____-generally travels outward in all directions from the point of release. |
Energy P165 |
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____ of energy-affected by terrain and cloud cover. Solid cloud cover can reflect the detonation shockwave, increasing the explosion impact. |
Dispersion of energy P165 |
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____ release-may propel be hazardous material and container parts; however, this dispersion may not be hemispherical. Large container park generally, but not always travel in line with the ___ axis of the container. |
Energy release Long P165 |
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____- ball shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous material that collectively rises above the ground or water. Gases vapors, and finally divided solids that release quickly (puff release) can disperse in cloud form under minimal wind conditions. Terrain and or wind effects can transform a cloud into a ____. |
Cloud Plume P165 |
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____- irregularly shaped pattern of an airborne hazardous material where wind and or topography influence the downrange course from the point of release. Dispersion of a plume (generally composed of gases and vapors) is affected by vapor density and terrain (if vapor density is greater than 1) as well as wind, speed, and direction. |
Plume P165 |
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__ release- when all of the material is released at one time, the concentration of gas or vapor in the cloud or plume decreases overtime. |
Puff release P165 |
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____ release -concentration increases overtime until the leak stops or all of the product releases; then it decreases. |
Ongoing release P165 |
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___-triangular shaped pattern of a hazardous material release with a point source at the breach and a wide base down range. And energy released maybe directed (based on the nature of the breach) and may project solid, liquid, or gaseous material in a three dimensional cone shaped dispersion. |
Cone P165 |
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____-surface, following pattern of liquid hazardous material that is affected by gravity and topographical contours. Liquid releases flow downslope, whenever there is a gradient away from the point of release. |
Stream P165 |
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___-three dimensional (including depth), slow, flowing liquid dispersion. Liquids assume the shape of their container and pool in low areas. |
Pool P165 |
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____ or indiscriminate deposit of a hazardous material (such as that carried by contaminated responders). |
Irregular P165 |
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Computer software, such as CAMEO (computer, aided management of emergency operations), ALOHA (area, locations of hazardous atmosphere’s), and HPAC (hazard prediction, and assessment capability) can also assist in the prediction of plume dispersion ___. |
Patterns P165 |
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Exposures: __-include responders and others in the path of a hazardous material. |
People P168 |
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Exposures _____-includes the air, water, ground, and other life forms, other than humans. |
Environment P168 |
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Exposures: _____-includes things threatened directly by the hazardous material or the energy liberated at the time of release. |
Property P168 |
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Contacts (impingements) are associated with the following general time frames: _____-milliseconds, seconds, deflagration, explosion, or detonation ___-term-minutes, hours (gas, or vapor cloud) ___-term- days, weeks, months (lingering pesticides) __-term- years, generations (permanent, radioactive source) |
Immediate Short term Medium term Long-term P168 |
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The national Institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) has published in print, online, and mobile web application, the NIOSH pocket guide to ___ hazards (NPG). |
Chemical P171 |
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The emergency response telephone numbers provided under “ united states” are required under CFR 49, transportation 172.604 which states “ a person who offers a hazardous material for transportation must provide a 24 hour emergency response ____ for use in the event of an emergency involving the hazardous material.” |
Number P171 |
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There are ___ emergency response, communication services listed for the US. -Chemtrec -chemtel -Infotrac -verisk 3E |
Four P171 |
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____ rays often accompany the emission of alpha or beta particles from a nucleus. |
Gamma rays P150 |
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Responders should conduct ____ monitoring if an incident is a suspected terrorist attack or explosion. |
Radiation P152 |
