Group Dynamics: Chap 4: Formation

Front 1

What is a personality?

Back 1

An individual's distinctive and enduring style of behaving, thinking, and feeling across situations

Includes traits, temperament, and values

Front 2

What is McCrae and Costa's five-factor model?

Back 2

Five primary dimensions that summarizes individuals differences in personality

Openness (open or closed)

Extraversion (extroverted or introverted)

Agreeableness (agreeable or disagreeable

Neuroticism (neurotic or stable)

Conscientiousness (organized or careless)

Front 3

Which factor predicts an individual's overall likelihood of joining a group?

Back 3

Extraversion

Front 4

What are 3 empirical support for extroversion and joining groups?

Back 4

Being outgoing and sociable, they prefer the company of others

Extroverts are likely to seek out groups for stimulation

Tend to be happier, more desirable member

Front 5

What is relationality?

Back 5

The degree to which one's value, attitude, and outlooks

Emphasize and facilitate

The establishing and maintaining, of the connections to others

Front 6

What is the gender difference in joining a group?

Back 6

Women:

Smaller

Informal

Intimate

Men:

Large

More formal

Task-focused group

Front 7

What is social motivation?

Back 7

Psychological process

That energizes and directs Behavior

May stem from a need

Front 8

What are three basic interpersonal needs?

Back 8

Affiliation

Intimacy

Power

Front 9

What is a need for affiliation (inclusion)?

Back 9

The need to establish and maintain a satisfying relationship with others

Concerned about winning and approval of others

Front 10

What is the need for intimacy (affection)?

Back 10

Reflects the degree of openness, warmth, and personal connection one seeks with others

Focused on friendship, camaraderie, and mutual help

Front 11

What is the need for power (control)?

Back 11

Reflects the degree that one desires to influence or direct the behavior of others

To be perceived as confident, decisive, and in charge

People with greater needs for power also have higher levels of testosterone

Front 12

What is Schutz Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation?

Back 12

The theory of group formation and development

Emphasizes compatibility amongst 3 basic interpersonal needs

Affiliation, Power, and Intimacy

Which can be an Expressed or Wanted needs

Front 13

What are expressed needs?

Back 13

The degree that a person initiates the behaviors associated with the need

Inclusion: degree you try to include others in activities

Control: degree you try to control, influence, and direct others

Intamacy: degree you try to be close and supportive to others

Front 14

What is a wanted need?

Back 14

The degree that the person wants another to behave that way towards them

Inclusion: include you in activities

Control: others to take control

Intimacy: warmth from others

Front 15

How does John Bowlby define attachment?

Back 15

An instinctive, emotional bond

That forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

Front 16

What is Mary Ainworth's Strange Situation?

Back 16

A behavioral test used to determine a child's attachment style (degree of security)

Front 17

What is an attachment style?

Back 17

A person's characteristic approach to relationships with other people

The basic styles include secure, preoccupied, fearful, and diminishing

Define by dimensions of anxiety and avoidance

Front 18

What is group attachment Style?

Back 18

The 4 basic styles (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing)

Defined by two dimensions:

Level of anxiety

Degree of avoidance

Front 19

What is preoccupied?

Back 19

Seeks out membership, but worries excessively about rejection

High anxiety low avoidance

Front 20

What is fearful?

Back 20

So insecure about themselves that they fear rejection

High anxiety High avoidance

Front 21

What is secure?

Back 21

Self-confidence and willing to rely on others

Low anxiety low avoidance

Front 22

What is dismissing?

Back 22

Uninterested in joining groups

Low anxiety high avoidance

Front 23

When are people often promoted to affiliate?

Back 23

People affiliate when they find themselves in ambiguous situations in order to see cognitive clarity

Front 24

What is social comparison Theory?

Back 24

People evaluate their own attitude and abilities

By comparing themselves to others

To reduce uncertainty about the self

Ambiguous situation >

Psychological reaction (negative feelings) >

Affiliation and social comparison >

Cognitive clarity

Front 25

What is misery loves misery company?

Back 25

Study that showed people want to be with others who share their experience

Affiliation allows:

Discuss alternative options

Cognative Clarity

Reduce anxiety

Evaluate their anxiety

Front 26

What are five forms of social support provided by groups?

Back 26

Inclusive support: confirm inclusion within group

Emotional support: Express care and concern

Informational support: provide advice and guidance

Instrumental support: providing tangible resources

Spiritual support: address issues of meaning and purpose

Front 27

What are 5 health benefits of affiliation?

Back 27

Psychological adjustment

Improve efficacy

Better coping with upsetting events

Resistance to and recovery from a disease

Reduced mortality

Front 28

What is stress buffering hypothesis?

Back 28

The presence of a social support system

Helps buffer an individual from the negative impact of stressful events

Front 29

What is the Rosetta mystery?

Back 29

Italian immigrants showed less rate of heart disease despite eating poorly

Because of health benefits of affiliation

Front 30

What is downward social comparison?

Back 30

Comparing yourself to someone that is worse off

To enhance and maintain our self-esteem

Front 31

What is upward social comparison?

Back 31

Comparing yourself to someone who's better off

Provokes envy and makes us feel like failure

Front 32

What is tesser's Self Evaluation Maintenance Model?

Back 32

People associate with High achieving people who excel in areas that are not relevant to person's own sense of self esteem

Avoid associating with High achieve individuals who excel in areas that are important to the individual sense of self esteem

Front 33

What is the proximity principle?

Back 33

The tendency for people to form interpersonal relationships with those who are close by

Front 34

What is functional distance?

Back 34

Any aspect of architectural design

That influence how often people come into contact with each other

Front 35

What is the mere exposure effect?

Back 35

The more exposure we have to a stimulus

The more likely we are to like it

Front 36

What is the elaboration principle (percolation)?

Back 36

The tendency for groups to expand in size

As non-members become linked to group members

Then becoming part of the group itself

Front 37

What is the similarity principle?

Back 37

The tendency for people to affiliate and be attracted to people who are similar to them in some way

Front 38

What is the attitude similarity effect?

Back 38

People find others more likeable

The more similar they are in Attitude, belief, and preference

Front 39

What is a homophilly?

Back 39

The tendency for groups to be composed of individuals who are similar

In values, attitudes, and demographics

Front 40

What are four reasons similarities enable group formation?

Back 40

It reinforces our values

Less conflict

Disliking similar people may be psychologically distressing

Dissimilarities creates dislike

Front 41

What is complementary principle?

Back 41

The tendency for group members to like people who are dissimilar

In a way that compliments their personal qualities

Front 42

What is reciprocal liking?

Back 42

Liking someone who likes us in return

And even overrides dissimilarities

Front 43

What is the minmax principle?

Back 43

The tendency to prefer relationships

The provide the maximum number of valuable Rewards

The fewest number of possible cost

Front 44

In social exchange theory, what factors determine satisfaction in a membership?

Back 44

Cost and reward of membership

The kind of membership they deserve (comparison level)

The appeal of other groups (comparison level for alternatives)

Front 45

What is comparison levels?

Back 45

People's expectations about the level of reward and Punishment they deserve in a relationship

Compare current relationships to pass relationships

Front 46

What is comparison level of alternatives?

Back 46

People's expectation about the level of reward and cost they would receive an alternative relationships

Determines whether they enter or exit groups

Front 47

What are 3 factors that affects a person's commitment to a relationship?

Back 47

Satisfaction

Investment

Comparison level of alternatives