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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Functional Theory of Group Decision Making? |
Groups that fail to Plan (orientation) Discuss Decide or Implement fully or effectively
Will not reach their potential as decision-makers |
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When and why do groups make poor decisions? |
Planning to fail The difficulty of discussion Shared information bias Cognitive limitations |
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What is the Planning Fallacy? |
The tendency for groups to display Optimistic Bias And Underestimate the time needed to complete a future task |
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What do a majority of people think limits the effectiveness of a meeting? |
Inadequate communication skills |
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What is Death By Meeting? |
Members view meeting
As interruptions to their workflow
Rather than increase productivity |
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What is Parkinson's Law of Trivality? |
Groups give a disproportionate amount of focus to trivial issues
Over major issues
E.g. bike shed effect |
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What is the Shared Information Bias? |
The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information And less on examining unshared information E.g. Stasser & Titus, 1985 |
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What causes Shared Information Bias? |
Normative social influence Anchoring bias Desirability bias |
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What is Anchoring Bias? |
Members Begin by discussing shared evidence and bias |
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What is the Desirability Bias? |
Members are concerned about Establishing Positive Reputation Not saying Dissenting or Difficult-To-Process information |
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What are Cognitive Limitations? |
Judgement errors That can cause the group to overlook Important Information and overuse Unimportant Information |
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What are 3 types of Judgement Errors? |
Sins of Commission (misuse information) Sins of Omission (overlooking useful information Sins of Imprecisions (Reliance on rule of thumb |
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What is a Confirmation Bias? |
The tendency to seek out information that confirms one's beliefs
And avoid disconfirming information |
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What is the Risky-Shift effect? |
Groups decisions were riskier than decisions made by individuals |
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What is Group Polarization? |
Groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme
Than the initial inclinations of their members |
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What three theories explain Group Polarization? |
Social Comparison Theory
Persuasive Arguments Theory
Social Identity Theory |
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What is Social Comparison Theory's explanation? |
Group polarization is sustained
By the desire to evaluate one's own opinions
By comparing them to others |
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What is Persuasive Arguments Theory's explanation? |
The group comes up with more arguments that favor the group's position |
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What is Social Identity Theory's explanation? |
People are convinced by the agreement of opinions Especially when we identify with the group |
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What is Groupthink? |
Group cohesiveness is more important than rational decision making |
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What is Group Cohesiveness? |
The forces acting on group members to stay in the group |
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How does Groupthink lead to bad decisions? |
Under some conditions (antecedents)
Members seek out agreement with others (concurrence-seeking tendency)
That leads to Symptoms of groupthink and defective decision-making |
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What causes Groupthink (antecedents)? |
High group cohesiveness
Structural faults (insulation, strong directive leaders)
Provocative situations (high stress and low self-esteem) |
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What is Insulation? |
Protection from alternative viewpoints Develop Unique and potentially Inaccurate Perspectives |
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What are Symptoms of Groupthink? |
Over estimation of the group: Illusion of invulnerability
Close-mindedness: Group rationalization Stereotype of outgroup Pressure toward uniformity: Direct pressure Self-censorship Illusions of unanimity Mind guards |
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How do we prevent Groupthink? |
Leader should remain impartial Seek outside opinions and encourage critical evaluation Create subgroups Use effective decision-making techniques |
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What is Defective Decision-making? |
Produced by symptoms of groupthink No contingency plans Poor information search Not considering full range of alternatives |
