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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who reviews research that involves human subjects? |
Research ethical boards |
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What are three ethical issues in psychological research? |
Informed consent Deception Debriefing |
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In psychological research, what is informed consent? |
Written agreement to participate in a study by an adult who has been informed Of the nature of the experiment, and All the risks that participation may entail |
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What is deception? |
When participants are misled about the true purpose of the study or The event that will actually transpire |
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What is debriefing? |
Telling the participant the true nature and purpose of a study
Including any use of deception Should not leave the study with greater distress |
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What is an observation? |
A measurement method that involves watching and recording individuals and group action |
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What is participant observation? |
Watching and recording group behavior While taking part in the social process |
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What is overt observation? |
Openly watching and recording info without concealing one's research purpose
No ethical issues |
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What is covert observation? |
Watching and recording info on individual and group activities Without their knowledge |
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What is the Hawthorne effect? |
A change in behavior that occurs when individuals know they are being observed or studied |
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What is unstructured (qualitative) research? |
Reported in narrative style Collect and analyze nonnumerical data Describes General qualities and characteristics |
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What is structured quantitative research? |
Classifieds behaviors into categories Collects and analyzes data in numeric form Describes precise quantities in amounts |
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What is interaction process analysis? |
It classifies each behavior performed by a group member into 1 of 12 categories
6 pertain to socio-emotional (e.g. complimenting or insulting)
6 pertain to importanttask interactions |
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What is reliability? |
How consistent a measurement is across time |
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What is interrater liability? |
Two observers agree on what their seeing |
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What is validity? |
How well an instrument measures what it supposed to measure |
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What are self-reports? |
Asks respondents to describe their feelings, attitudes, or beliefs
E.g. questionnaires interviews |
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What is a sociometry? |
Graphically and mathematically summarize patterns of inter-member relations |
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What is social network analysis? |
Mathematically and graphically studying the relational structure of groups and networks |
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What is a case study? |
Examines as much information as possible in-dept
And the Dynamics of a single group or individual |
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What is groupthink? |
Loss of rationality caused by strong pressure to conform to groups |
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What are pros and cons to case study? |
Pros: use bona fide groups
Provide detailed qualitative descriptions
Cons: The group may be unique (say little about other groups Dynamics)
Researchers interpretation can be bias |
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What is an experiment? |
Cause and effect Is variable x a cause of variable y? The only technique to establish causality |
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In an experiment how does a researcher determine causality? |
Ask if the manipulation of the independent variable has an impact on the dependent variable While controlling the extraneous variables |
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In an experiment, what is the independent variable? |
The cause or conditions manipulated |
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In an experiment, what is the dependent variable? |
The effect measured |
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In an experiment, what is the extraneous variable? |
Extra variables that cause potential errors Must be controlled |
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In an experiment, what is internal validity? |
Nothing other than the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable By controlling extraneous variables |
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In an experiment, what is external validity? |
How similar an experiment is to real life situations and people |
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What are pros and cons to an experiment? |
Pro: Detection of causal relationships between variables (good internal validity)
Con: Closely monitored but artificial group situation (poor external validity) |
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What is the correlation method? |
Determines the existence and strength of a relationship between two variables
Examines naturally occurring relationships |
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What is the correlation coefficient (r)? |
The degree of relationship ranges from -1 to +1
Sign indicates Direction Number indicates strength |
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What are five different types of correlation coefficients? |
Perfect negative Medium negative No correlation Medium positive Perfect positive |
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What is Bennington College Study? |
A correlation study
Researched a persons political stance with their preference group:
(provides individuals with guidelines or standards) |
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What are pros and cons to correlation method? |
Pro: Easy to do and realistic
Cons: Correlation doesn't tell causal Direction of the relationship
They only indicate if two variables are related
E.g. bi-directional causality and third variable |
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What are 5 major theoretical perspectives? |
Motivational and emotional
Behavioral
Systems
Cognitive
Biological |
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What are motivational and emotional perspectives? |
Motivation refers to the force that energizes and directs Behavior (needs wants drives) Emotions refer to the subjective state of positive or negative affect |
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What is behaviorism? |
Organisms acquire new responses to environmental stimuli through conditioning (learning)
Such as operational conditioning |
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What is social exchange theory? |
Individuals seek out relationships/groups that offer them many rewards while exacting few cost
Commitment depends on: Satisfaction Level of investment in the group Quality of alternatives to the group |
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What is the systems theory perspective? |
Assumes that groups are systems Collections of individual units that combine to form an integrated complex whole |
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What is the input-process-output model of productivity? |
Input factor: Individual level (E.g. skills, personality) Group level (e.g. stucture) Environmental level (e.g. stress)
Processes are group interaction processes
Outcome: Performance outcomes (e.g. products, decisions) Other outcomes (e.g. satisfaction) |
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What is the cognitive perspective? |
Considers how groups process information
(I.e. acquire, organize, and integrate information) |
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What is outgroup homogeneity effect? |
See out group members as very similar to another While seeing in group members as more diverse |
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What is the biological perspective? |
Recognizes group members are living creatures, whose responses are often shaped By biological, biochemical, and genetic characteristics |
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What is evolutionary psychology? |
Assumes that reoccurring Behavior stem from adaptive action and are preserved over time by natural selection |
