Geology 101 Exam 4

Front 1

geyser

Back 1

an eruption of water and stream from the ground

Front 2

Artesian well

Back 2

A well where water rises above the ground surface

Front 3

Aquitard

Back 3

a body of rock that does not allow the transmission of water

Front 4

Spring

Back 4

where the water table meets the ground surface

Front 5

Recharge area

Back 5

the zone through which water enters the aquifer

Front 6

Permeability

Back 6

the ability of a rock body to transmit water

Front 7

sea water intrusion

Back 7

a threat to aquifer systems and the cleanliness of fresh water everywhere

Front 8

aquifer

Back 8

a body of rock sediment that allows the transmission of water

Front 9

The process of changing water from liquid to gas is called __________.

Back 9

evaporation

Front 10

The process of changing water from a gas to a liquid is called _________.

Back 10

condensation

Front 11

The second largest "reservoir" of water in the water cycle is _________.

Back 11

glaciers

Front 12

About 2% of all water is found in ____________.

Back 12

glaciers

Front 13

Groundwater is an excellent source of drinking water because it is ________.

Back 13

pleantiful and clean

Front 14

Excellent aquifers (water bearing rocks) are both _______________.

Back 14

porous and permeable

Front 15

The water table is _______________.

Back 15

The top of the zone of saturation

Front 16

A spring is _______________.

Back 16

where the water table meets the ground surface

Front 17

The best hypothesis regarding where water originally came from is ___________,

Back 17

differentiation of the planet or degassing of the mantle

Front 18

____________ is caused by the withdrawl of fluids like water and oil and can cause substantial property damage.

Back 18

Subsidence

Front 19

porosity

Back 19

Amount of empty space in something. (How much water you can pack into it).
It is a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume.

Front 20

When was the last glacial maximum?

Back 20

about 21,000 years ago

Front 21

what is above the zone of saturation (saturation zone) and the water table?

Back 21

The unsaturated zone

Front 22

what is sublimation?

Back 22

water cycle process where water turns from a solid into a gas without going through a liquid state.

Front 23

Most of this material formed 200-300 million years ago.

Back 23

coal

Front 24

This material formed in a non-marine, swamp environment.

Back 24

coal

Front 25

This is still in abundant supply in the U.S.

Back 25

coal

Front 26

These energy resources are formed by pressure and heat on sedimentary rocks.

Back 26

both oil and coal

Front 27

This type of energy uses water heated inside Earth near volcanoes.

Back 27

geothermal

Front 28

In this process, natural radioactivity is used to heat water in a man-made reactor.

Back 28

nuclear

Front 29

Which energy process generates substantial amounts of potentially harmful waste.
a. All the above
b. nuclear
c. geothermal
d. oil
e. coal

Back 29

a. all the above

Front 30

Every oil trap requires ______________.

Back 30

b. a source rock, reservoir rock and a seal (cap) rock

Front 31

The theory that explains the movement and interaction of Earth's crust is ________.

Back 31

plate tectonics

Front 32

The concept that the processes operating on Earth now are the same that have always operated on Earth or "the present is the key to the past".

Back 32

uniformitarianism

Front 33

What are the Earth's 2 sources of energy and what do they do?

Back 33

Solar Energy - drives climate
Earth's internal energy - drives plate tectonics

Front 34

List the three main properties of water and how these properties make water a unique substance

Back 34

1. Covalent bonded hydrogen and oxygen (atoms share electrons) ,pssst H2O duh.
2. Water is a polar molecule(allows it to react and form compounds with other elements)
3. Water occurs in three states (liquid, gas, solid)

Front 35

What are the two main hypotheses of where Earth’s water came from?

Back 35

1. Degassing of the mantle
2. Comets

Front 36

What is the degassing of the mantle?

Back 36

As Earth cooled, gasses (H2O and CO2, water and carbon dioxide) released into the atmosphere. (differentiation during the initial phases of planet formation and continues today on a smaller scale through volcanoes)

Front 37

What does the comet theory say about where water came from?

Back 37

Comets are largely made of water. Collisions with the earth could have brought lots of water.(The water from the comets accumulated as vapor in the atmosphere and became pools of liquid water on the Earth's surface.)

Front 38

What is the valley shape that a stream (running water) cuts?

Back 38

a V shape

Front 39

What are the 5 main processes of the water cycle?

Back 39

1. condensation
2. precipitation
3. infiltration
4. runoff
5. evaporation

Front 40

What valley shape does a glacier form?

Back 40

U-shaped valleys

Front 41

What % of Earth’s water is freshwater?

Back 41

about 2.5%
glaciers = 2.1%
groundwater = 0.6%

Front 42

Where are deltas found?

Back 42

Where rivers meet a base level the velocity drops
and sediment cannot be carried and is deposited. Where this happens at a body of water; the feature formed is a delta. Deltas are formed when rivers lose
velocity at a base level.

Front 43

What 3 factors determine whether a stream is meandering or braided?

Back 43

1. Downstream river discharge, width, and depth increase
2. Gradient decreases
3. Average velocity increases

Front 44

Base level

Back 44

Theoretical lowest level to which land will erode. (Lowest = sea level)

Front 45

Discharge(Q)

Back 45

Discharge(Q)= cross section area (A) * velocity (V)

Front 46

Meandering channel

Back 46

-relatively low gradient and composed of easily eroded sediment

Front 47

Braided channel

Back 47

contains more sediment than it can transport. Excess sediment forms bar and islands. Braided channels split water into multiple channels

Front 48

Ablation

Back 48

removal of material from the surface of an object by vaporization, chipping, or other erosive processes

Front 49

Fluvial

Back 49

Fluvial is a term used in geography and Earth science to refer to the processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term glaciofluvial or fluvioglacial is used.

Front 50

Thalweg

Back 50

In geography and fluvial geomorphology, a thalweg is the line of lowest elevation within a valley or watercourse

Front 51

Delta

Back 51

A river delta is a landform that is formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Deltas are formed from the deposition of the sediment carried by the river as the flow leaves the mouth of the river. Over long periods of time, this deposition builds the characteristic geographic pattern of a river delta.

Front 52

Hjulstrom Diagram

Back 52

relationship between water velocity and sediment size

Front 53

Stalactite

Back 53

formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves

Front 54

Stalagmite

Back 54

is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings.

Front 55

Unsaturated zone

Back 55

AKA Vadose zone. A subsurface zone of soil or rock containing fluid under pressure that is less than that of the atmosphere. Pore spaces in the vadose zone are partly filled with water and partly filled with air. The vadose zone is limited by the land surface above and by the water table below.

Front 56

Water table

Back 56

the level below which the ground is saturated with water

Front 57

Why is groundwater such a useful water resource compared to surface water?

Back 57

It is clean and plentiful

Front 58

What is the saturated zone?

Back 58

A zone below the water table in which all voids are filled with water. the zone below the unsaturated zone where all the pores, cracks, and spaces between rock particles are saturated(filled) with water.

Front 59

What is freshwater?

Back 59

water existing on the land surface

Front 60

What potential problems can withdrawing more groundwater than is being recharged cause?

Back 60

cone of depression, less water, water table dropped, difficulty pumping,
can allow for sea water infiltration.

Front 61

What are the 2 kinds of geysers?

Back 61

pool and column

Front 62

Where and in what percentages is Earth’s water distributed?

Back 62

97% ocean
2.1% glaciers
0.6% groundwater
0.0001% atmosphere

Front 63

Moraine

Back 63

deposits of glacial till.
Marks former position of ice.
(till is unsorted sediment deposited by melting ice.)

Front 64

What are the 3 basic elements of geysers?

Back 64

1. Supply of hot and cold water
2. Heat source
3. Reservoir (ground water) and plumbing system

Front 65

Aquifers are most commonly in what type of rock?

Back 65

loosely packed sands and gravels

Front 66

Milankovitch cycles

Back 66

Three different aspects of rotation and orbit. (eccentricity, obliquity, precession). Says that ice ages will peak every 10,000 years (+41,000 years maybe)

Front 67

What is the main energy source for climate?

Back 67

the earth's internal energy through:
mountain building and volcanic eruptions

Front 68

firn

Back 68

snow made of 25% air. Makes up glaciers.
snow -> neve -> firn -> glacial ice
The process continues with more compaction.

Front 69

Erratics

Back 69

boulders dropped by glaciers. These boulders are picked up by glaciers.

Front 70

striations

Back 70

grooves made (cut,scraped into) by rocks in the ice

Front 71

Non-renewable energy

Back 71

oil, coal, natural gas, nuclear

Front 72

What are the three main grades of coal?

Back 72

Lignite, Bitumin, Anthricite

Front 73

How does coal form?

Back 73

Coal forms when dead plant material builds up and up to form peat, which is the first step. This is compacted between layers of sedimentary rock, forming a rock called lignite. Then this is compacted even more. Then, heat and pressure deep deep beneath the surface create anthracite, or coal. Coal is a metamorphic rock.

Front 74

What are the approximate carbon contents of the various grades of coal?

Back 74

Lignite - 30% Carbon
Bitumen - 30-90% Carbon
Anthricite - >90% Carbon

Front 75

Eccentricity

Back 75

Eccentricity of the Earth's orbit moves the Earth closer and farther from the sun

Front 76

Obliquity

Back 76

Obliquity changes the angle that the sun's rays hit the Earth

Front 77

Precession

Back 77

Precession in the wobble of the Earth which also changes the angle of the sun's rays