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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Floodplain
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The flat-lying area surrounding a river channel
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Radial drainage network
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Drainage network in the region immediately surrounding an isolated volcano
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Which trench includes the world’s deepest sea floor (more than 11 km below sea level)?
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Mariana trench
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Continental Shelves
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The shallowest portion of the ocean is found along the margins of continents in regions
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Sinkholes are a concern primarily for residents whose dwellings are constructed atop what type of rock?
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Limestone
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Aquatard
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A layer of rock or sediment with exceptionally low permeability
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Meandering stream
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S-shaped; erosion on outside of curves, deposition on inside
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Oxbow lake
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After meandering stream forms new shape, oxbow lake fills and forms this lake
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Point bar
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Points out into meander, on inside where deposited
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Braided stream
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Too much sediment, so streams intertwine and flow around everything
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Tributary streams
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Flow from mountain and combine to form a trunk stream (main stream) This entire system is called a dendritic drainage system
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Base level
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Lowest level a stream can cut down to
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Floodplain
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Area outside meandering river, beyond where natural levees form
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River equilibrium
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Where river is cutting down the most convenient level for it to be at…river erodes and deposits to try to make a straight line to outflow
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Trellis stream pattern
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When stream follows a rectangular pattern because of eroding nonresistant layers and then going over resistant layers. We see these a LOT in the Appalachians
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Why is our water system unique?
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Because we don’t find much water on other planets…sometimes ice, but liquid water is rare in solar system.
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Water vs Ice (weathering and carrying particles)
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Water weathers particles better than ice
Ice carries bigger particles than water |
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Where is the ocean the shallowest?
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Near the continental margins and continental shelves
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Bird foot delta
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Has more sediment...that's why it has the bird's foot shape
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Bathemetry
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The study of the bottom of the ocean
It shows the elevation of the floor by rings on a map |
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How much of the Earth is covered by water?
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70%
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The edge of a continent (continental slope)
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parts of sea floor that are steeply tilted/steep slopes
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What causes tides to fluctuate?
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The moon
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How deep does a wave disturb the water when it’s passing through?
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1/2 of the wavelength
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Long shore drift
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When the waves take sand out and then put it back on the beach at a different spot…usually at an angle
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Estuary
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River valley/low river cut channel that’s been filled in by sea level rising for a high tide
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Fjord
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Estuary cut by a glacier
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Hard water
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High concentration of Ca and Mg in the water
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Where is the majority of the Earth’s fresh water found?
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In pores in rocks and groundwater
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Unconfined aquifer
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Water table/aquifer in body of permeable rock (porous sedimentary rock like sandstone)
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What happens if you pump a lot of water out of the ground and an empty cavern forms under the earth?
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The water table lowers (cone of depression), ground can collapse, if by ocean salt water will fill in
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Artesian well
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fresh water flows upward b/c of pressure
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Playa
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dried up lakebed…sedimentary rocks exposed in playas = halite/rock salt
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How long ago did the interglacial cycle begin?
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10,000 years ago.
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Things that affect shapes of sand dunes:
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Wind direction and strength
Amount of sand |
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Cirques
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formed by glaciers…carved out a U-shaped valley
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Albido
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reflects light…ice has HIGH albido
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Continental glaciers
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ice sheets (Greenland and Antarctica are the only two on earth)
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Milakovich cycles
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Earth’s rotation around Sun is oval and it’s warmer when it’s closer to the Sun
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Saltation of sand
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Sand particle when taken by wind bounces along the ground as it travels
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Loess
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fine grained sediment that’s been eroded by glaciers and blown by the wind.
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Till
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The big rocks that have been pushed out of the way
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Hanging valley
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U-shaped valley that drops into another u-shaped valley
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Moraines
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Rock that’s been compiled as glacier goes through, pushing everything out of the way
*Lateral and medial moraines* |
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Gases released by volcanoes:
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CO2, H2O vapor, sulfur dioxide
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What was the earth like in the mesozoic?
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Dinosaurs, much warmer, more atmospheric gases
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Where is global warming effecting things the most?
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Polar regions
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Where is the crater that killed the dinosaurs?
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Yucatan peninsula in Mexico…happened at the end of the Cretaceous
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What were atoms heavier by iron were produced by?
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Supernovas
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Magnetic field
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Protects the Earth from solar wind
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Rocks on east coast America are similar to rock where?
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West coast Africa
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Litho vs Athenospheres
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Atheno = below has plasticity (flows gradually over time)
litho = brittle, breaks easily, upper crust |
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Why is there cleavage in minerals?
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Weak spots in atomic bonds
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Silicate minerals (tetrahedrans) –
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can form structures like chains, double chains, or sheet of tetrahedran silicate minerals, different crystal structures based on this
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Where do hotspot volcanoes form?
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Middle of oceanic or continental plates
DON'T form at plate boundaries |
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Are mineral resources renewable?
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NO
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Limestone
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Ground up tiny marine skeletons
(biochemical sedimentary rocks, others = calcite) |
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Bolide
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meteorite or comet
If crashes into earth, you get a radium rich layer of clay and quartz spheres |
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Organic matter and plankton break down to form _________
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Hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas
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Mudflows
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Noncohesive landslides b/c they flow everywhere
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Three things that will increase the chance of a mass movement:
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Weight at the top of a hill
Earthquake Digging below the hill |
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Baked contact
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Stuff on outside of sill, dike,
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Contact metamorphism
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Rock touches heat source
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Regional metamorphism
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Big area, such as orogony…basically happens b/c of pressure
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Example of a subtropical desert:
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The Sahara
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Convergent plate boundary
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have subduction zones where oceanic plate goes under continental plate, reverse faults
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Divergent plate boundary –
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Rift valleys, normal faults
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Example of transform and normal fault
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Transform = San Andreas
Normal = Wasatch |
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Do intrusive or extrusive igneous rock have larger crystals?
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Intrusive igneous rocks
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Sill =
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horizontal intrusive pluton
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Dike =
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vertical intrusive pluton
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Coarse-grained diorite
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Intrusive, mineral composition similar to gabbro and andesite
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Andesite =
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intrusive and extrusive…so it has two different cooling histories, texture = porphrytic
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Gneiss
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A high-grade metamorphic rock with large crystals that forms at high temperatures
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Can you get an igneous rock from a melted metamorphic rock?
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YES
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P- vs S-waves:
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S-waves cause the most damage
P-waves move the quickest |
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Clast vs xenolith
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Clast = in sedimentary rock, xenolith = in igneous
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Numerical ages can be determined for...
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Annual growth ages in trees
Seashells (lines) Glacial ice |
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How does longshore drift move sediment?
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In a zig-zag pattern down the beach
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Trend in the evolution of coastal features
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Sea cave, sea arch, sea stack, sea cliff
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Atoll
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Evolves from a fringe or barrier reef
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What percent of seawater consists of dissolved salt ions?
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3.5%
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Pumping vast quantities of water locally...
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Lowers the local water table, forming a cone-shaped depression
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What is the difference between water flowing from hot vs cool springs?
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A hot spring contains more dissolved minerals than does water flowing from cool springs
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Zone of saturation
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The zone below the water table
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Where are sinkholes found?
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In regions underlain by limestone
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What are the dominant erosional landforms in desert regions are developed by?
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Running water
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What are ventifacts a product of?
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Abrasion
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Star dune
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The type of dune formed by winds blowing from at least three directions
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Wind transports minerals by?
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rolling
saltation sliding suspension |
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How much of continents do glaciers cover?
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About 10%
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Uplifted areas are subjected to erosion at the surface; this provides an example of _____.
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Negative feedback
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Where does the majority of freshwater on earth exist?
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In pores within rock and sediment
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How does the rate of chemical weathering in deserts compare to more humid climates?
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It's slower
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Till
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Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt
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Fjord
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When sea level rises, causing the ocean to fill a glacially carved valley
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What is responsible for short-term cooling, but long-term global warming?
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Volcansim
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