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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is mechanical energy?
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Kinetic energy- energy of motion
potential energy- stored energy |
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What is radiant energy?
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Energy of light
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What is chemical energy?
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energy associated with making and breaking chemical bonds
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What is electromagnetic energy?
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Energy of charges
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What is heat energy?
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Energy due to motion of atoms
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What is nuclear energy?
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Energy associated with the nucleus of atoms
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What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed into other forms of energy
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What are some examples of energy transformations?
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flashlight - chemical to electromagnetic to radiant
car - chemical to heat to kinetic fire - chemical to heat to radiant pendulum - kinetic to potential and back to kinetic |
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What energy transformation is caused by friction?
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Kinetic energy to heat
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What happens when and atom or molecule absorb heat energy?
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the atom and molecules move faster
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True or False? Heat moves from high temperatures to low temperatures.
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True
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What are the three ways heat can be transferred?
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Conduction
Convection Radiation |
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What is conduction?
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heat flows from one object to another
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What is convection?
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heated material expands, becomes less dense and rises
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What is radiation?
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Hot objects give off radiation
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What are heat conductors?
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allow heat to move easily
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What are heat insulators?
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prevent heat from moving easily
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What are the three basic states of matter?
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Solid
liquid gas |
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What is melting?
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heat is added to a solid and the atoms and molecules move fast enough to break the attractive forces to change it to a liquid
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What is freezing?
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heat is lost from a liquid and the atom and molecules move slowly enough to allow the attractive forces to change it to a solid
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What is boiling?
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heat is added to a liquid and the atoms and molecules move fast enough to break the attractive forces and change it to a gas
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What is condensation?
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heat is lost from a gas and the atoms and molecules move slowly enough to allow the attractive forces to change it to a liquid
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True or False? Temperature changes during a phase change
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False
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What does the nucleus of a atom hold?
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protons and neutrons
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What charge does a proton have?
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positive charge
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What charge does a neutron have?
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no charge
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What charge does an electron have?
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negative charge
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What does an electron cloud contain?
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contains electrons that orbit the nucleus
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What happens during a chemical reaction?
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the reactants (original chemical) and the products (the results) will have different compositions and physical proporties such as color, density, conductivity, malleability, melting point, and boiling point.
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What does a Bohr model of the atom have?
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has electrons in different energy levels
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When are atoms chemically stable?
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if their outermost energy level is filled. A stable configuration is 2-8-8
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When does Ionic bonding occur?
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when atoms gain or lose electrons between atoms to fill the energy levels. they occur when metals and nonmetals react
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The resulting charge of a ionic bond is called?
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ions
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When do covalent bonds occur?
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When atoms share electrons to fill their energy levels. This occurs when nonmetals react with each other
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What is an atomic number?
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The number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom
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What are groups?
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Are vertical columns. Elements In the same groups have similar properties because?
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Elements In the same groups have similar properties because?
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They have the same number of electrons in their outermost energy level
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Periods are?
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The horizontal rows on the periodic table
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On what side of the periodic table are metals found?
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Left of the stairstep
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On what side of the periodic table are nonmetals found?
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On the right of the stairstep
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On what group on the periodic table are noble gases found?
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Group 8
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Why do noble gases not react with other elements?
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Their outer energy level is filled
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What are acids?
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Sour and dissolve metals they have excess hydrogen in hydronium ions (H3O+)
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What are bases?
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Taste bitter and have hydroxide ions (OH-)
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What is a pH scale used for?
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It is used to test how acidic or basic a substance is
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What number is the strongest acid?
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0
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What number is the strongest base?
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14
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What number is neutral
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7
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What does the neutralization of an acid and base make?
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salt and water
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What is the pH of normal rain?
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5.6
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What is the pH of acid rain?
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less than 5.6
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What two gases released into the atmosphere form acid rain?
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Sulfur dioxide- from coal power plants
Nitrogen Oxides- from cars and trucks |
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What are some effects of acid rain on the environment?
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-kills fish and animals
-makes lakes uninhabitable -kills trees -dissolves metals -dissolve limestone and marble |
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What atoms does an organic compound have?
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carbon and hydrogen; sometimes nitrogen and oxygen
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What atoms are in a hydrocarbon?
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only carbon and hydrogen
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Carbon forms many different compounds because?
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-has 4 valence electrons
-can form single, double, and triple bonds -can be linked in a straight chain, branched chain, rings, or cross linked sheets |
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What are 4 steps that cause global warming?
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1) short wavelength radiations from the sun passes through the atmosphere
2)the radiation warms up the earth's surface 3) the warm surface radiates heat back into the atmosphere in the form of long wave radiation 4) Green house gases do absorb long wavelength radiation. when they do, they heat up the atmosphere |
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What are three major greenhouse gases?
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water
carbon dioxide methane |
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By burning fossil fuel humans increase which greenhouse gas in the atmosphere?
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carbon dioxide
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Increased temperature in the atmosphere may cause?
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1) glaciers and ice caps to melt, raising sea levels
2) warmer ocean water may cause more violent storms and hurricanes 3) weather patterns may be disrupted, and the climate may become wetter or drier 4) increased temperatures may cause animals and plants to move or become extinct |
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What are monomers?
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small molecules that join together to form polymers
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What are polymers?
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large molecules formed when many monomers join together. Their properties depend on the number and type of monomers that are linked together
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True are false? Synthetic polymers are man made?
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true
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What are some examples of synthetic polymers?
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rubber, nylon and polyethylene
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What is polyethylene?
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a man made polymer used to make plastics such as bottles, rope, and plastic wraps. It forms large chains of hydrocarbons.
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True or False? The shorter the chain or carbons the stronger the plastic?
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false the longer the chain the stronger
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What is the problem with plastics in a landfill?
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they do not break down
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What is the problem with plastics being burned?
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they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
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What is an electric current?
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is the flow of electrons through a material
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What is an electric current measure in?
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amps
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What is resistance caused by?
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is caused by electrons colliding with ions and other electrons in the material
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What is resistance measure in?
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Ohms
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What is voltage?
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the potential difference between two places that drives the current
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What is voltage measured in?
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volts
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True or false? in a series circuit there is only one path for the electricity to take
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True
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What is Ohms law?
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voltage = current * resistance
volts = amps * ohms |
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How is electricity created?
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by moving a wire through a magnetic field. It forces the electrons to move, causing as current. This is done in a generator
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True or False? an electrical current moving through a wire will generate a magnetic field
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true
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List 4 steps on how a power plant works
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1) heat is created by burning fossil fuels or nuclear power
2) the heat causes water to boil 3) the steam is forced through a turbine, making it spin 4) the turbine causes a gernerator to spin which creates electricity |
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What are some problems with fossil fuels?
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-we are running out of ways of extracting it cheaply
- coal creates sulfur dioxide which causes acid rain - all fossil fuels cause global warming |
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What are some problems with nuclear power plants?
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- vulnerable to terrorist attacks
- create large amounts of nuclear waste which is difficult to get rid of - still rely on non-renewable natural resources |
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What are 4 alternative energy sources?
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1) wind power
2) solar power 3) hydrogen fuel cells 4) photoelectric cells |
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What are some good things about wind power?
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- very clean
- renewable |
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What is a bad thing about wind power?
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-hard to do on a large scale
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What is some good things about solar power?
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- clean
- renewable |
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What are some bad things about solar power?
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- expensive to set up
- sun not out at all times |
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What is a good thing about hydrogen fuel cells?
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- very clean
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What are some bad things about hydrogen fuel cells?
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- technology not ready yet
- need to get hydrogen from somewhere |
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What are some good things about photovoltaic cells?
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- clean
- renewable |
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What is a bad thing about photovoltaic cells?
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- very expensive
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How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?
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Photosynthesis
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The independent variable on a graph is the ____ axis?
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X
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The dependent variable on a graph is the ____ axis?
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Y
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What should a graph have?
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Title
correct type of graph labeled axis correct units |
