Sociology Final Exam

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the systematic study of human society and social interaction

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sociology

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What social revolution occured between 1760-1850 in Great Britain, which spread through the rest of W.Europe and the U.S. thereafter?

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The Industrial Revolution

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the concentration of humanity into cities rather than in rural areas (includes "suburbs" of today)

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Urbanization

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_________ believed that constraints on the individual's potential are socailly-based, NOT biologically-based. _______ viewed society as characterized by social structure/stability; change is the exception.

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Emile Durkheim’s contributions (e.g., Suicide)

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the sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system.

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functionalist perspectives

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the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

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conflict perspectives (including feminist theory)
Gender is the key element of social structure and social life

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the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups. The process of interactions and symbols are important.

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symbolic interactionist perspectives

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the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

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postmodern perspectives

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The process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one defines

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research

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What are the two types of sociological research?

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quantitative and qualitative

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the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

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culture

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a group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differs in some significant way from that of the larger society.

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subculture ex. religious groups (Mormen, Jewish,...)

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the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.

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socialization

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_________'s notion of the
looking-glass self asserts that our perception of ourselves (our self-concept) is derived from how we think others perceive us.
3 phases:
1). We imagine how we appear to others.
2). We imagine how others judge the appearance we think we present.
3). We develop feelings based on these imagined judgments, i.e., self-concept is enhanced OR diminished.

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C. H. Cooley’s view

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_________ said “Selves can only exist in definite relations to other selves. No hard-and-fast line can be drawn between our own selves and the selves of others”
1. Prep. stage
2. Play Stage
3. Game stage

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G. H. Mead’s view

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the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.

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agents of socialization
ex. family, teachers, school, military, spots, media - tv

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Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior (including the norms/rules guiding this behavior) is called:

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social structure

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The process by which people act toward or respond to other people is called:

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social interaction

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the process of conveying a favorable image of ourselves.

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Goffman's Impression management (presentation of self)

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two or more people who interact and identify with each other ex. friendships, religious class

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social group

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the practices that groups or societies develop to encourage conformity and discourage deviance.

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social control

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What are two mechanisms of social control?

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"internal" - socialization ex. values, beliefs, morals
"external" - outer mechanisims ex. security camera, gossip

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Any behavior, belief, or condition that significantly differs from social norms of a group or a society.

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Deviance

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Look in notes about all perspective views on deviance

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now - Chapter 6

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the hierarchical arrangement of social categories based on their control over basic resources.
(a.k.a. “structured inequality”)

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social stratification

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Access to important societal resources.
 

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life chances

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a social category distinguished by socially-selected biological traits.
ex. skin tone, hair texture, eye and hair color

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race

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A social category distinguished (by others or by themselves) by subcultural and/or nationality traits. 

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ethnicity

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A social position that is relatively disadvantaged in terms of life chances, e.g., blocked opportunities to political influence, economic participation, rights.

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minority status

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A social position that is relatively advantaged in terms of life chances, e.g., influence politically, economic participation, rights.

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majority status

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a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected social categories, e.g., race, ethnicity, age, ability.

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prejudice

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Overgeneralizations about appearance, behavior, or other traits of members of social categories.

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stereotypes

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The practice of treating people unequally.

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discrimination

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when members of a racial or ethnic minority adopt aspects of dominant culture, e.g., language, dress, values, religion, and food.

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Cultural assimilation (acculturation)

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when members of a racial or ethnic minority gain acceptance into everyday social interaction with members of the majority race or ethnicity (e.g., in the workplace, in friendship, social clubs).

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Structural assimilation (integration)

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when members of one race or ethnicity marry members of another race or ethnicity.

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Biological assimilation (amalgamation)

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An individual person’s change in racial or ethnic self-identification.

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Psychological assimilation

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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between women and men.

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Gender stratification

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the advocacy of social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.

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Feminism

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What are Macro-sociological causes of divorce

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-Greater opportunities for women to be economically self-sufficient
-Legally, divorces are easier to obtain (no fault-based systems exist)
-Less cultural stigma on divorce