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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the female gonads |
Ovaries containing eggs (ova/ovum) |
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Where are the ovaries |
They are suspended by ligaments in the abdominal cavity inside of the uterus |
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What hormones do the ovaries produce |
Oestrogen and progesterone |
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Where is the uterus |
On top the bladder |
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What are the follicles in females |
The ova or ovum |
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What are the oviducts |
They are the fallopian tubes that receives the oocyte from the ovary. They are not directly attached to the ovaries |
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Where do oviducts receive oocytes from |
The fimbrae that bring the oocyte into the ovary. Cilia and peristalsis also help move the oocyte through the oviduct |
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What are fimbria |
They are fingerlike projections that catch on to the ova |
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What is tubal ligation |
Cutting of the oviducts/fallopian tubes in order to prevent fertilization |
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What is the ovum |
It is much larger than sperm and has more cytoplasm and nutrients. it also has lots of mitochondria for cell division energy, it is non-motile, and it is only fertile for about 24 hours |
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What are the two layers the uterus is composed of |
The myometrium and the endometrium |
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What is the myometrium |
It is a muscle layer that supports the baby and moves the baby into the birth canal |
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What is the Endometrium |
It is a blood vessel lining that provides nourishment for the embryo |
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What happens during pregnancy |
The embryo implants in the endometrium and is called a zygote |
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What happens if no pregnancy occurs |
The endometrium sheds and menstruation occurs |
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What is ectopic pregnancy |
It is when the embryo implants in the oviduct. This usually means that the pregnancy has to be terminated |
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What is the cervix |
It is the neck of the uterus that holds the foetus in place during pregnancy. During birth it dilates up to 10 cm for the foetus to go into the birth canal |
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What is the Pap test |
It is a test requiring a sample of cervical cells to determine if there is cervical cancer |
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What are the functions of the vagina |
For sexual intercourse and is also the birth canal. it is a muscular tube ranging 8 to 10 cm long and is acidic with a pH of 3 to 5. this is so foreign bacteria doesn’t grow in it |
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What are the external female genitalia |
The labia majora the labia minora and the clitoris (erection) |
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What is Oogenesis |
It is egg development before birth
(the formation and development of mature ova) |
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In oogenesis, what are the oogonia and their function |
They are the egg seeds in ovaries. they contain 46 chromosomes and they divide to form the primary oocytes. they occur within the follicle. |
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How many follicles await in each ovary |
300,000 to 400,000 |
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What happens to the Follicles during puberty |
one mature follicle Attaches to the endometrium Per month. Due to meiosis there are only 23 chromosomes in one egg |
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How long does the menstrual cycle usually last |
It is typically 28 days but can go anywhere between 21 and 40 days. |
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What are the two cycles of the menstrual cycle |
The ovulation cycle for egg release and the uterine cycle for endometrium thickening and shedding |
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During menstruation there is |
A monthly discharge of blood and fluid from the uterus |
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Describe the flow phase |
It is the first one to five days of the cycle and is characterized by low hormone levels causing the endometrium to shed (bleeding 20-80 ml for 2-8 days) |
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What are symptoms of low hormone levels |
Headaches, cramps, bloating, nausea, and mood changes |
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Describe the follicular phase |
It is days 6 to 13 in the cycle and is characterized by an increase in FSH levels. during this phase a new follicle matures. the follicle cells secrete oestrogen |
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When the follicle cells secrete oestrogen in the follicular phase what happens |
It stimulates meiosis forming the secondary oocyte and also causes the endometrium to thicken with blood and fluids and triggers the release of LH |
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Describe the ovulation phase |
Usually on the 14 day of the cycle. LH causes the ovary wall to rupture and expel secondary oocyte to be picked up by Fimbriae of the oviduct leading to ovulation. It is fertile for about 24 hours |
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Describe the luteal phase |
It lasts 15 to 28 days. the LH causes remaining follicle cells to form the corpus luteum (yellow body). Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum inhibits further ovulation |
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What is the corpus luteum |
It is the yellow-ish endocrine gland that secretes progesterone and oestrogen which leads to the thickening of the uterine lining |
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What is the common hormone found in birth control pills |
Progesterone as it inhibits further ovulation which causes fertility of the oocyte |
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What happens if fertilization occurs |
The corpus luteum lasts until the placenta is functional which is usually by the fourth month of pregnancy |
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What happens if no fertilization occurs |
The corpus luteum degenerates and oestrogen and progesterone levels decline |
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What happens when progesterone levels drop off |
Uterine contractions begin and endometrium sheds in menstruation. progesterone prevents uterine contractions |
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What is the feedback loop for female hormones |
The stimulation of puberty every month until menopause causes the hypothalamus to release the Hormone GnRH.
The GNRH targets the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH.
FSH in females stimulates the development of the follicle. the follicle then secretes oestrogen. as a result the endometrium thickens and causes LH release midcycle
LH causes ovulation midcycle it also causes the development of corpus luteum
The negative feedback for FSH is oestrogen levels being too high
The negative feedback for LH is when the corpus luteum secretes oestrogen and progesterone which causes the thickening of the endometrium which also inhibits FSH production as well |
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Before birth what are the chromosomes determine for a female |
XX |
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Before birth where are the ovaries |
They descend to the pelvic brim |
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What happens during puberty |
Occurs usually around 9 to 13 years of age. the increase of oestrogen causes the final growth of primary sex organs, the growth of secondary sex characteristics and follicle development (ovum/each month) |
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What is menopause |
It appears around 50 years of age and is characterized by the lack of development in the follicles causing a decline in oestrogen and progesterone |
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What are some symptoms of menopause |
Hot flashes increased risk of heart disease increased risk of breast and uterine cancer‘s and decreased bone mass |
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In order to alleviate menopause symptoms what is given |
Hormone replacement therapy |
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What are the risks of hormone replacement therapy |
Blood clotting which leads to heart disease and increased risk In breast and colorectal cancer‘s |
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What is an oocyte |
An immature ovum |
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What is the granulosa |
It is the layer of small cells that forms the wall of the follicle |
