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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The reason people reproduce is for |
Offspring to ensure species survival |
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The advantage of sexual reproduction is |
That it allows new gene combinations
(asexual reproduction has higher chances of passing on mutations) |
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The process in which those individuals in a species who are not adapted to survive, don’t and do not reproduce offspring to carry on the disadvantageous traits as a result is called |
Natural selection |
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The testes are |
Male gonads |
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The function of the testes is |
To produce sperm and testosterone (androgen) |
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At what age does sperm production begin |
13 and continues throughout life |
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During the development of the testes, where are they in the fetus? |
In the abdominal cavity |
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When do the testes descend |
Before birth into scrotum around the 7th month of pregnancy |
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The scrotum is |
A tissue sac |
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What temperature does the scrotum have to be for sperm production |
3 degrees lower than body temp |
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The scrotum moves away from the body when ____ and closer to the body when _____ |
Hot, cold |
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What is an inguinal hernia |
Tissues from the intestine put pressure on the inguinal canal or scrotum when the abdominal tissues weaken |
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Each testis contain |
~Seminiferous tubules ~sertoli cells ~interstitial cells |
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The seminiferous tubules are |
-coiled within each testis (250 m) -lined with spermatogonia (they are also known as sperm seeds) ~they are the parent cells of sperm and have 46 chromosomes but through meiosis they create sperm containing 23 chromosomes |
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What is Spermatogenesis |
The process of making sperm. Average made is anywhere between 300-500 million a day. This declines with age |
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The Sertoli cells do what |
They supply nutrients to developing sperm cells
They are also found within the tubules |
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Interstitial cells do what |
They are found between tubules and produce testosterone |
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The 3 parts of a sperm cell is |
The head, middle, and tail |
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The structure of the head of the sperm |
Structure: has a nucleus containing DNA. It has very little cytoplasm and has an acrosome |
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What is an acrosome |
It is the cap found in Sperm cells (head) that contains enzymes that dissolve the egg coat and permit the sperm cell to move through the outer layers that surround the cell |
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The middle of the sperm contains |
The mitochondria which permits energy making (ATP) from fats and fructose in order to move tail |
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The tail of the sperm is also called ______ and is what |
The flagellum. And is motile which allows movement (3mm/hour) |
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What are the accessory male organs |
-the epididymus -the ductus (vas) deferens -the ejaculatory duct -the penis |
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What is the epididymus |
It is a comma shaped duct on top of the testes. It stores immature sperm. The Sperm becomes fertile and motile as they move through the epididymus. |
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What is the ductus (vas) deferens |
It is a storage duct that carries sperm to the ejaculatory duct.
A vasectomy is the operation in which the ductus deferens is cut and cauterized (as birth control) |
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The ejaculatory duct does what |
Controls the semen (sperm+fluid) entering into the urethra |
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The anatomy of the penis |
-shaft with the tip(glans) -foreskin surrounding (glans) ~circumcision: removal of foreskin -function is to deliver sperm into female |
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An erection happens when |
The erectile tissue fills with blood and the penis veins compress |
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What happens during ejaculation |
The urinary system shuts off by tightening the bladder sphincter |
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What happens during ejaculation |
The urinary system shuts off by tightening the bladder sphincter |
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Why can’t sperm and urine both be in the urethra at the same time? |
Sperm is basic (7.2-7.4 pH) and urine is acidic which would kill the sperm |
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During ejaculation what does the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic NS all cause what |
Penis contraction |
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During ejaculation what does the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic NS all cause what |
Penis contraction |
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What is semen |
Sperm and gland secretions |
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During ejaculation what does the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic NS all cause what |
Penis contraction |
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What is semen |
Sperm and gland secretions |
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In semen, how much is fluid and how much is sperm |
3-4 ml of fluid and 500 million sperm per ejaculation |
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The seminal vesicles (paired) |
Fructose provides sperm energy.
Prostoglandins cause reverse peristalsis in females and helps sperm get to egg. |
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The seminal vesicles (paired) |
Fructose provides sperm energy.
Prostoglandins cause reverse peristalsis in females and helps sperm get to egg. |
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The prostrate gland (single) |
Is the size of a walnut located in front of rectum and surrounds urethra. It provide and alkaline buffer to the acidic vagina (pH of 3.5-4) and activated sperm |
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The seminal vesicles (paired) |
Fructose provides sperm energy.
Prostoglandins cause reverse peristalsis in females and helps sperm get to egg. |
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The prostrate gland (single) |
Is the size of a walnut located in front of rectum and surrounds urethra. It provide and alkaline buffer to the acidic vagina (pH of 3.5-4) and activated sperm |
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What is prostatitis |
A condition where a mans prostate enlarges with age which causes difficulty urinating due to “strangulation” of urethra |
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The Cowper’s gland (paired) |
Also known as the bulbourethra gland which secreted mucus prior to ejaculation to neutralize acids in urethra from urine |
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The Cowper’s gland (paired) |
Also known as the bulbourethra gland which secreted mucus prior to ejaculation to neutralize acids in urethra from urine |
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Before birth the male gender is determined by what |
XY chromosomes (y) |
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The Cowper’s gland (paired) |
Also known as the bulbourethra gland which secreted mucus prior to ejaculation to neutralize acids in urethra from urine |
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Before birth the male gender is determined by what |
XY chromosomes (y) |
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The Y chromosome has |
The gene TDF (testes determining factor)
It also causes production of androgens (male hormones) |
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When the testes defend they are |
Developed in the abdominal cavity and start descending in the 3rd month and finish in the 7th month of pregnancy |
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During puberty testosterone causes |
-final developments of sex organs -start spermatogenesis -secondary sexual characteristics (muscle, bone, hair growth and deep voice, etc) |
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During puberty testosterone causes |
-final developments of sex organs -start spermatogenesis -secondary sexual characteristics (muscle, bone, hair growth and deep voice, etc) |
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Andropause is |
A drop in testosterone level usually starting at age 49 which causes low sperm production and loss of bone and muscle mass |
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What is the feedback loop of the male hormones |
Stimulus: puberty 1.hypthalamus releases GnRH towards pituitary 2. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH 3.FSH causes spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules 4.LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone 5. Negative feedback of FSH is high sperm count and high levels of inhibit 6. Negative feedback of LH is high testosterone levels |
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What is the feedback loop of the male hormones |
Stimulus: puberty 1.hypthalamus releases GnRH towards pituitary 2. Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH 3.FSH causes spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules 4.LH causes interstitial cells to produce testosterone 5. Negative feedback of FSH is high sperm count and high levels of inhibin 6. Negative feedback of LH is high testosterone levels |
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What is inhibin |
It’s a hormone that shuts off spermatogenesis when there is a high sperm count |
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What is seminal fluid |
It is the fluid part of semen secreted by 3 glands:
The seminal vesicles The prostate gland The Cowper’s gland |
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What is seminal fluid |
It is the fluid part of semen secreted by 3 glands:
The seminal vesicles The prostate gland The Cowper’s gland |
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What are primary sexual characteristics? |
Physical characteristic of an organism directly involved in reproduction
Examples: testes, urethra,penis,epididymus,etc |
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What is seminal fluid |
It is the fluid part of semen secreted by 3 glands:
The seminal vesicles The prostate gland The Cowper’s gland |
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What are primary sexual characteristics? |
Physical characteristic of an organism directly involved in reproduction
Examples: testes, urethra,penis,epididymus,etc |
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What are secondary sexual characteristics |
External features of an organism that are indicative of its gender but are not the reproductive organs themselves
Examples: chest hair,facial hair, deep voice, muscle growth, etc |
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Testosterone is associated with |
Sex drive levels |
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What is a somatic cell |
Any cell in a multicellular organism that is not a reproductive cell |
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What is a spermatocyte |
A cell that arises from division of spermatogonia during spermatogenesis |
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What is a spermatid |
An immature sperm cell that arises from division of spermatocyte |
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What is an ovary |
The female gonad or reproductive organ. Female sex hormones and egg cells are produced in the ovary |
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What is an ovary |
The female gonad or reproductive organ. Female sex hormones and egg cells are produced in the ovary |
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What is fertilization |
The fusion of a male and a female sex cell |
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What is an embryo |
The early stages of an animals developement |
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What is an embryo |
The early stages of an animals developement |
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What is a fetus |
The later stages of an unborn offsprings development |
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What are anabolic steroids? |
Synthetic testosterone that was developed in the 1950s to help bed ridden patients with muscle atrophy. It increases muscle mass, RBC’s and aggressiveness. |
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What are anabolic steroids? |
Synthetic testosterone that was developed in the 1950s to help bed ridden patients with muscle atrophy. It increases muscle mass, RBC’s and aggressiveness. |
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Negative side effects of Synthetic testosterone are |
-shriveled testes - infertility - breast development - body hair loss - fat gain and acne |
