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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive view of learning |
- A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring remembering and using knowledge |
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Domain specific knowledge |
- Information that is useful in a particular situation or that applies mainly to one specific topic |
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General knowledge |
- Information that is useful in many different kinds of tasks or that applies to many situations |
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Bottom-up processing |
- Perceiving based on noticing separate defining feature and assembling them into a recognizable pattern |
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Gestalt |
- German for "pattern" or "whole". - Gestalt theorists hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes |
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Prototype |
- A best example or best representative of a category |
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Top-down processing |
- Perceiving based on context and knowledge that jointly predict patterns expected in a situation |
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Working memory |
- The information that you are focusing on at a given moment |
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Short term memory |
- Component of the memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds |
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Central executive |
- The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources |
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Phonological loop |
- Part of working memory - A memory rehearsal system for verbal and sound information of about 1.5-2 seconds |
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Visuospatial sketchpad |
- Part of working memory - A holding system for visual and spatial information |
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Cognitive load |
- The volume of resources necessary to complete a task |
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Intrinsic cognitive load |
- The resources required by the task itself, regardless of other stimuli |
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Extraneous cognitive load |
- The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task |
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Germane cognitive load |
- Deep processing of information related to the task, including the application of prior knowledge to a new task or problem |
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Maintenance rehearsal |
- Keeping information in working memory by repeating it to yourself |
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Elaborative rehearsal |
- Keeping information in working memory by associating it with something else you already know |
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Chunking |
- Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units |
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Decay |
- The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time |
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Long term memory |
- Permanent store of knowledge |
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Declarative knowledge |
- Verbal information - Facts, "knowing that" something is the case |
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Procedural knowledge |
- Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task - "Knowing how" |
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Self-regulatory knowledge |
- Knowing how to manage your learning or knowing how and when to use your declarative and procedural knowledge |
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Explicit memory |
- Long-term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall |
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Implicit memory |
- Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling, but that influences behaviour or thought without our awareness |
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Semantic memory |
- Memory for meaning |
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Propositional network |
- Set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long term knowledge is held |
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Images |
- Representations based on the physical attributes - the appearance - of information |
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Concept |
- A category used to group similar events, ideas, objects or people |
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Defining attribute |
- Qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept |
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Exemplar |
- An actual memory of a specific object |
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Story grammar |
- Typical structure or organization for a category of stories |
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Episodic memory |
- Long term memory for information tied to a particular time and place, especially memory of the events in a person's life |
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Flashbulb memories |
- Clear, vivid memories of emotionally important events in your life
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Procedural memory |
- Long-term memory for how to do things |
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- Script |
- Schema or expected plan for the sequence of steps in a common event such as buying groceries or ordering a pizza |
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Productions |
- The contents of procedural memory - Rules about what actions to take, given certain conditions |
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Priming |
- Activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another |
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Levels of processing theory |
- Theory that recall of information is baed on how deeply it is processed |
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Spreading activation |
- Retrieval of pieces of information based on their relatedness to one another - Remembering one bit of info activates (stimulates) recall of associated info |
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Retrieval |
- Process of searching for and finding information in long term memory |
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Reconstruction |
- Recreating information by using memories, expectations, logic, and existing knowledge |
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Interference |
- The process that occurs when remembering certain information is hampered by the presence of other information |
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Mnemonics |
- Techniques for remembering - The art of memory |
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Loci method |
- Technique of associating items with specific places |
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Acronym |
- Technique for remembering names, phrases, or steps by using the first letter of each word to form a new, memorable word |
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Chain mnemonics |
- Memory strategies that associate one element in a series with the next element |
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Keyword method |
- System of associating new words or concepts with similar sounding cue words and images |
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Rote memoriztion |
- Remembering information by repetition without necessarily understanding the meaning of the information |
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Serial position effect |
- The tendency to remember the beginning and the end but not the middle of a list |
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Part learning |
- Breaking a list of items into shorter lists |
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Distributed practice |
- Practice in brief periods with rest intervals |
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Massed practice |
- Practice for a single extended period |
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Automated basic skills |
- Skills that are applied without conscious thought |
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Domain specific strategies |
- Consciously applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject or problem area |
