Educ 220 Ch 6

Front 1

Social class

Back 1

Most are aware of this, some groups are above them, some are below them

Front 2

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Back 2

Relative standing in society based on income, power, background and prestige most people are not conscious of their SES

Front 3

Effects of Low SES

Back 3

More likely to be kept back in school, longer child is in poverty strong the impact on achievement, poor health care for mother and child, limited resources,family stress, interruptions in schooling, exposure to violence, overcrowding, homelessness, discrimination, teachers make assumptions about their intelligence, avoid calling on them, set low standards, accept poorer work

Front 4

Affects of poverty

Back 4

Less access to good prenatal care, infant health care and nutrition, more likely to have premature babies which is associated with cognitive and learning problems, children are more likely to be exposed to drugs before birth, problems with organization, attention and language, higher levels of stress hormones which affect development of connections in the brain

Front 5

Resistance culture

Back 5

Values and beliefs about refusing to adopt the behaviours and attitudes of the majority culture, to maintain their identity they must reject the behaviour that would make them successful; studying, cooperating, coming to class

Front 6

Tracking

Back 6

Assignment of different classes based on achievement, taught differently, if tracked into lower ability classes they may be taught to memorize and be passive, stands in the way of equal opportunity, increases gap between high and low achievers, eliminating tracking will hurt many students as it has positive effects on high tracked students

Front 7

Ethnicity

Back 7

Common cultural characteristics: history, homeland, language, traditions and religion

Front 8

Race

Back 8

Sharing biologically transmitted traits that are socially significant such as skin colour or hair texture, applied based on appearance

Front 9

Minority group

Back 9

A group of people that receives unequal or discriminatory treatment

Front 10

Prejudice

Back 10

Prejudgment, generalization about a category of people, made up beliefs, emotions, and tendencies toward actions, can be positive or negative

Front 11

Stereotype

Back 11

Used to make sense of the world, organizes knowledge or perceptions of a category

Front 12

Discrimination

Back 12

Type of prejudice, unequal treatment of particular categories of people

Front 13

Stereotype threat

Back 13

Apprehensiveness about confirming a stereotype, emotional and cognitive burden that ones performance in academics might confirm a stereotype

Front 14

Gender identity

Back 14

Self identification as male or female

Front 15

Gender role behaviours

Back 15

Behaviours and characteristics that culture associates with gender

Front 16

Sexual orientation

Back 16

Choice of sexual partner, involves biological and social factors

Front 17

Sexual identity

Back 17

Complicated constructed beliefs, attitudes and behaviors

Front 18

Development of sexual orientation

Back 18

1. Feeling different: age 6, less interested in activities of kids of their sex, fear of being found out

2. Feeling confused: adolescent, attraction for same sex peers, may feel upset, lonely, unsure, lacks role models, may try to change

3. Acceptance: young adults, sort through sexual orientation issues may make themselves public

Front 19

Gender roles

Back 19

Expectations about how genders should behave, vary by culture, time and place, children are aware of gender differences at 2, at 3 they realize gender cannot change, at 4 start to understand gender roles

Front 20

Gender schemas

Back 20

Age 5, organized cognitive structures that include gender related information that influences how children think and behave

Front 21

Gender bias

Back 21

Different views of genders often favouring one over the other

Front 22

Resilience

Back 22

The ability to adapt successfully despite difficult circumstances, actively engaged in school, good interpersonal skills, confidence in their ability, positive attitudes, pride in ethnicity, easy going, optimistic

Front 23

Academic self efficacy

Back 23

Belief in your ability to learn, predicts academic achievement, emerges when students tackle challenging tasks with support and succeed, observe others doing the same

Front 24

Behavioural self control

Back 24

Self regulation essential for self orderly learning

Front 25

Academic self determination

Back 25

Making choices, setting goals, following through

Front 26

Caring teacher student relationship

Back 26

Associated with better performance

Front 27

Effective peer relations

Back 27

Critical in connecting students to school

Front 28

Effective home school relationship

Back 28

Builds caring, connected network for students when parents stay involved, grades and test scores improve