Ecology Lecture 14 Exam 2

Front 1

What does GIS stand for?

Back 1

Geographical information systems

Front 2

What can ecological niche modeling predict about species distribution?

Back 2

How species distributions changed in the past

Front 3

What can ecological niche modeling predict about pest species?

Back 3

The expansion of them

Front 4

What is a geographic range change due to?

Back 4

Climate Change

Front 5

Species that live in a single, often isolated location (narrow set of niches or environmental conditions)

Back 5

Narrow----> endemic

Front 6

Species with very large geographic ranges that can span several continents; still involved range contraction but population could still something (cant read it)

Back 6

Broad------> Cosmo

Front 7

In a population, the number of individuals per unit area or volume calculated by dividing abundance by area

Back 7

Density

Front 8

Density can change as a function of what?

Back 8

Where you are in range

Front 9

What is the range of the Dickcissel bird?

Back 9

High densities in the interior but low on the outside

Front 10

What is weird about the the Dickcissel bird?

Back 10

Edges have a lower growth rate and are a result of range expansion

Front 11

Spacing of individuals with respect to one another within the geographic range of a population

Back 11

Dispersion

Front 12

Clustered species have what type of spatial correlation? Example?

Back 12

positive vegetative production

Front 13

What are the three types of dispersion?

Back 13

Clustered, evenly spaced, random

Front 14

Which sequence of labels for the plots above goes from least to most randomly dispersed?

Back 14

1,3,2 Because 1 is even, and 3 is less random than 2

Front 15

Movement of individuals from one area to another, often at a specific life stage and often not to return to initial location

Back 15

Dispersal

Front 16

What is a natural habitat?

Back 16

Home

Front 17

What is the cost of dispersal?

Back 17

Predation could increase during move

Front 18

What is the benefit of dispersal?

Back 18

Resources for population growth?

Front 19

Counting every individual in a population

Back 19

Census

Front 20

What is an area/ volume based survey?

Back 20

Determining how much of a species is per patch of something

Front 21

Line Transect Method

Back 21

Place a line, unroll it along the gradient and the species touching the line are analyzed

Front 22

Why use a line transect survey?

Back 22

In case where moving is difficult or species rare

Front 23

What are the steps in a mark recapture survey?

Back 23

1. Capture individuals and tag them (n1)

2. Release them back

3. Look for your tagged individuals, count up total found (n2), count up tagged (n3)

4. Big N is # of total population

Front 24

What is the way to solve for total population?

Back 24

(n1/N)=(n3/n2) Also (# first tagged * # recaptured)/(# tagged recaptured)

Front 25

What are the methods of measuring dispersal?

Back 25

Tag, release, look in area for it, and note where it is found, radio to transmitters

Front 26

The average distance an individual moves from where it was born to where it reproduces

Back 26

Lifetime dispersal distance

Front 27

What is the max change in geographic range a function of?

Back 27

Lifetime dispersal distance

Front 28

Measuring dispersal can be on what type of scale?

Back 28

Large, long distance or lifetime

Front 29

What is genetic distance often correlated with?

Back 29

Geographic distance

Front 30

What is an example of widespread measuring dispersal?

Back 30

European starlings

Front 31

The more abundant species have bigger what?

Back 31

Ranges

Front 32

Larger number and individuals require more what?

Back 32

Space and resources

Front 33

What is even dispersion due to?

Back 33

Terrotoriality

Front 34

Even dispersion leads to what?

Back 34

Positive correlation

Front 35

What does a shrinking range lead to?

Back 35

Less individuals, higher extinction probability

Front 36

Larger body leads to what?

Back 36

More resources, more area and lower densities of individuals per area

Front 37

Body size is connected to how easy it is to maintain what?

Back 37

Viable opopulation number

Front 38

Graph of geographic range of bird species vs. maxium abundance of a bird

Back 38

(both increase)

Front 39

Number of individuals per area vs body mass

Back 39

inversely proportional

Front 40

absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal

Back 40

Dispersal limitation

Front 41

Strip of favorable habitat located between two patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal

Back 41

Habitat corridor

Front 42

What are the three habitat corridor types?

Back 42

Unconnected (winged), connected, Unconnected (rectangular)

Front 43

what did the graph of butterflies recaptured look like?

Back 43

Connected had the highest, then rectangular, then winged

Front 44

Species richness and mean corridor-aligned windspeed have what type of relationship?

Back 44

Directly proportional

Front 45

Connected things have more what plant populations?

Back 45

Viable

Front 46

What two things does wind dispersal depend on?

Back 46

Wind speed and direction

Front 47

What are the assumptions of ideal free distribution?

Back 47

1. perfect knowledge of habitat variation

2. freedom of movement

3. Individuals are competitively equal

Front 48

Distribution so that each habitat has same per capita fitness (net resources/ individual) and each individual has same amount of resource

Back 48

Ideal free distribution

Front 49

The number of individuals in a patch is proportional to what?

Back 49

The amount of resources in that

Front 50

How can you change quality?

Back 50

By changing prey abundance

Front 51

Suppose that the graph represents the distribution of individuals in patches of low and high quality and with and without predators?

Which curves represent the patches with predators?

Back 51

Solid curves