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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are some examples of human influence on ecological systems?

Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution and overharvesting of resources

What contribute to climate change?

NO CFCs from aerosols, its actually methane gas and carbon dioxide gas from burning natural gas

The process of evolution depends on what?

genetic variation

Evolution can occur through what?

Random processes or through selection

Microevolution operates at the _____ level

population

How is genetic variation stored?

In DNA

Pathway of genetic info in DNA

HTGC--> code --> protein--> biological functions--> organisms working in environment

What is epigenetic?

Changes in DNA, turning then on or off thus changing genes

How can epigenetic processes take place?

Methyl groups

Diploids

have two copies of every gene

Haploid

One copy of each gene

DNA is packaged into

Chromosomes

Power Law

Straight line on log plot

Some DNA performs what special function?

Turn genes on or off

Regions of DNA that code for particular proteins

Genes

different forms of a particular gene

alleles

Traits which have only a few genes

Mendelian traits

What is the mean of distribution?

The average of a numerical trait

What type of traits can you do a normal distribution bell curve for?

Polygenic traits

single trait is affected by several genes

polygenic trait

Polygenic traits have many genes, each with a ___ effect

small

What are some examples of polygenic traits?

Body size, height and other morphological traits

One gene affects multiple traits

Pleiotrophy

A single trait is affected by many genes

Epistasis

What is an example of an epistasis gene?

Agouti

In the Agouti, there is a dependence of

one gene on another

An individual with two different alleles of a particular gene

Heterozygous

An individual with two identical alleles of a gene

Homozygous

Both alleles contribute to the phenotype

codominant

An allele that masks the expression of the other allele

Dominant

An allele whose expression is masked by another allele

Recessive

Two cells come together to form daughter cells with new gene combinations

Sexual reproduction

What does meiosis produce?

Haploid gametes

What happens to gametes?

They fuse to make the diploid organisms

in the process of meiosis, only on copy randomly goes to offspring

random assortment

What does generating new combinations do for random assortment?

New variation

When does recombination occur?

In meiosis

What is recombination important for?

Generating variation

Points where recombination occurs

Crossing over

What are MHC genes an example of?

Crossing over

a random change in the sequence of nucleotides in regions of DNA that controls the expression of a gene

Mutation

What are examples of Big mutations?

Whole gene duplications, whole genome duplications, insert big DNA segments, deletion

Deletions, though very deleterious, can be important for what?

New function

What are small mutations?

Single change in nucleotides ATGC, SNP

Mutations _______ evolution

Fuel

In bacteria and microscopic organisms, Bigger genomes have ____ mutation rates

Slower

Across all species, bigger genomes have ___ mutation rates

Faster

What examples why very small genomes have fast mutation rates?

Small genomes have fewer DNA repair genes and small genomes are often parasites and must evade the host immune system

HIV has a ___ mutation rate

high

the process that occurs when genetic variation is lost due to random variation in mating, mortality fecundity and inheritance

genetic drift

What is the equation for strength of drift

1/ population szie

Do small populations have large or small genetic drift?

Large (strong)

Bottleneck effect

a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide).

What happens in the bottleneck effect?

The drift is strong and removes variation quickly, meaning there are limited genes available to that population

small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation

Founder effect

The small tail of the manx cat is a result of what

Founder effect


Bottleneck effect graph

Which of the following contributes to anthroponenginc climate changed?

Not CFCs only methane gase and CO2)

Which of the following best explains why very small genomes have fast mutation rates?

Small genomes have fewer DNA repair gene and small genomes are often parasites and must evade the host immune system