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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are some examples of human influence on ecological systems? |
Habitat destruction, climate change, pollution and overharvesting of resources |
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What contribute to climate change? |
NO CFCs from aerosols, its actually methane gas and carbon dioxide gas from burning natural gas |
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The process of evolution depends on what? |
genetic variation |
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Evolution can occur through what? |
Random processes or through selection |
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Microevolution operates at the _____ level |
population |
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How is genetic variation stored? |
In DNA |
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Pathway of genetic info in DNA |
HTGC--> code --> protein--> biological functions--> organisms working in environment |
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What is epigenetic? |
Changes in DNA, turning then on or off thus changing genes |
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How can epigenetic processes take place? |
Methyl groups |
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Diploids |
have two copies of every gene |
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Haploid |
One copy of each gene |
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DNA is packaged into |
Chromosomes |
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Power Law |
Straight line on log plot |
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Some DNA performs what special function? |
Turn genes on or off |
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Regions of DNA that code for particular proteins |
Genes |
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different forms of a particular gene |
alleles |
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Traits which have only a few genes |
Mendelian traits |
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What is the mean of distribution? |
The average of a numerical trait |
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What type of traits can you do a normal distribution bell curve for? |
Polygenic traits |
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single trait is affected by several genes |
polygenic trait |
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Polygenic traits have many genes, each with a ___ effect |
small |
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What are some examples of polygenic traits? |
Body size, height and other morphological traits |
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One gene affects multiple traits |
Pleiotrophy |
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A single trait is affected by many genes |
Epistasis |
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What is an example of an epistasis gene? |
Agouti |
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In the Agouti, there is a dependence of |
one gene on another |
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An individual with two different alleles of a particular gene |
Heterozygous |
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An individual with two identical alleles of a gene |
Homozygous |
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Both alleles contribute to the phenotype |
codominant |
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An allele that masks the expression of the other allele |
Dominant |
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An allele whose expression is masked by another allele |
Recessive |
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Two cells come together to form daughter cells with new gene combinations |
Sexual reproduction |
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What does meiosis produce? |
Haploid gametes |
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What happens to gametes? |
They fuse to make the diploid organisms |
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in the process of meiosis, only on copy randomly goes to offspring |
random assortment |
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What does generating new combinations do for random assortment? |
New variation |
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When does recombination occur? |
In meiosis |
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What is recombination important for? |
Generating variation |
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Points where recombination occurs |
Crossing over |
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What are MHC genes an example of? |
Crossing over |
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a random change in the sequence of nucleotides in regions of DNA that controls the expression of a gene |
Mutation |
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What are examples of Big mutations? |
Whole gene duplications, whole genome duplications, insert big DNA segments, deletion |
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Deletions, though very deleterious, can be important for what? |
New function |
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What are small mutations? |
Single change in nucleotides ATGC, SNP |
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Mutations _______ evolution |
Fuel |
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In bacteria and microscopic organisms, Bigger genomes have ____ mutation rates |
Slower |
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Across all species, bigger genomes have ___ mutation rates |
Faster |
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What examples why very small genomes have fast mutation rates? |
Small genomes have fewer DNA repair genes and small genomes are often parasites and must evade the host immune system |
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HIV has a ___ mutation rate |
high |
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the process that occurs when genetic variation is lost due to random variation in mating, mortality fecundity and inheritance |
genetic drift |
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What is the equation for strength of drift |
1/ population szie |
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Do small populations have large or small genetic drift? |
Large (strong) |
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Bottleneck effect |
a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (such as earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, or droughts) or human activities (such as genocide). |
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What happens in the bottleneck effect? |
The drift is strong and removes variation quickly, meaning there are limited genes available to that population |
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small number of individuals leave a large population to colonize a new area and bring with them only a small amount of genetic variation |
Founder effect |
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The small tail of the manx cat is a result of what |
Founder effect
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Bottleneck effect graph |
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Which of the following contributes to anthroponenginc climate changed? |
Not CFCs only methane gase and CO2) |
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Which of the following best explains why very small genomes have fast mutation rates? |
Small genomes have fewer DNA repair gene and small genomes are often parasites and must evade the host immune system |