Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which Graph is the sexual population? |
B (r column is a result of sex because the mortality rate has decreased |
|
|
Individuals that possess male and female reproductive functions at the same time |
Simultaneous hermaphrodites |
|
|
individuals that posses male or female reproductive function and then switch to the other |
sequential hermaphrodites |
|
|
More common in plants |
Simultaneous hermaphrodites |
|
|
More common in animals |
sequential hermaphrodites |
|
|
Monoeclous plants have what with regards to male and female parts? |
Separate male and female flowers on a single individual |
|
|
What do hermaphorditic plants have? |
Flowers with both male and female parts |
|
|
Dioeclous plants are what with regard to male or female parts? |
They have either male or female flowers on different individuals (separate sexes) |
|
|
What is the formula for number of offspring when it comes to monoecy vs dioecy? |
Allocation of male + allocation of female |
|
|
What is the convex when comparing monecy vs dioecy? |
Cost of making new males and females low |
|
|
Graph where the fitness of the hermaphrodite exceeds that of either male or female |
|
|
|
Graph where the fitness of the hermaphrodite is |
|
|
|
Cost of non sex is being inbred. Why? |
Deleterious thins more common |
|
|
mammals have an _ _ genetic sex determination |
XY |
|
|
Birds have a _ _ genetic sex determination |
ZW female and ZZ male |
|
|
Ants bees and wasp genetic sex determination |
diploid 2n females and haploid males |
|
|
a process in which sex is determined largely by the environment |
environmental sex determination |
|
|
What is a common environmental sex determination in reptiles? |
Temperature dependence |
|
|
T or F: Females cannot influence the sex ratios of their offspring |
False, they can |
|
|
Females in good condition have lots of what? |
Resources, large size |
|
|
What do females in good condition do to the sex ratio? |
Skew offspring sex towards males |
|
|
Are males or females more valuable when bad conditions? |
females are more valuable |
|
|
In most species, the sex ratio of males to females is nearly _____ do to ________? |
Even due to frequency dependent selection |
|
|
fitness of phenotype depends on its frequency |
Frequency dependent selection |
|
|
An example of negative dependence would be high fitness when the gene is in what frequency? |
Low |
|
|
Which of following is not required for natural selection to favor the production of sons by females who are in good condition? 1. Offspring of good condition females are themselves in good condition 2. Good condition individuals are better at getting mates than bad conditions ones 3. some females have many mates and offspring and others do not 4. some males have many mates and offspring and others do not |
Some females have many mates and offspring and others do not |
|
|
What is the reproductive cycle of the fig tree? |
Eggs all hatch in fig; all mate in the fig with siblings (highly inbred), so sons are highly inbred and their is highly skewed female sex ratio (90%) |
|
|
the number of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship with those mates |
Mating system |
|
|
Female has one partner, male has one partner |
Monogamy |
|
|
Female has many partners, male has one partner |
polyandry |
|
|
Female has one partner, male has many partners |
polygyny |
|
|
Female has many partners, male has many partners |
promiscuity and polygynadry |
|
|
90% of bird species are what type of mating system? |
Monogamous |
|
|
favored when males make important contributions in raising offspring |
Monogamy |
|
|
may evolve when males compete for females and wining male obtain all mates or when a male defends territory/ resources |
Polygyny |
|
|
may evolve when females search for superior sperm or receive material benefits from each suitor |
polyandry |
|
|
what is the most beneficial thing for females with limited number of eggs and eggs are costly to make to do? |
then they should select males that maximize fitness |
|
|
Males must compete with who for breeding opportunities? |
Other males |
|
|
Natural selection for sex-specific traits that are related to reproduction |
sexual selection |
|
|
differences in morphology between males and females |
sexual dimorphism |
|
|
those traits not directly related to reproduction such as antlers |
secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
T or F: Female preferences can evolve for male traits that improve her fitness |
T |
|
|
What is an example of the evolution of female choice? |
exagerrated traits like a peacock feather |
|
|
Living in groups has ____ and ___ |
cost and benefits |
|
|
There are many ___ of social interactions |
Types |
|
|
What do eusocial species take social interactions to? |
The extreme |
|
|
interactions with members of one's own species including mates, offspring, other relatives and unrelated individuals |
social behaviors |
|
|
The effect of natural selection to increase or decrease frequency of specific behaviors |
Social behaviors which have a genetic basis |
|
|
Suppose you are given 100 legos to share with your sibling. Your job is to decide how to divide the legos between the two of you. Your sibling must like the division. |
Dont get it but he said the answer was 99 to you and 1 to them |
|
|
the reduced or diluted probability of predation to a sinlge animal when it is in a group |
Diluation effect |
|
|
What does the dilution effect result in? |
Herding behavior |
|
|
What happens to goldfinches the larger their group gets? |
They do not have to raise their head as much to check for predators |
|
|
What are some benefits of living in groups for humans? |
Economies of scale |
|
|
What is a benefit of living in groups for bees? |
Building structures like hives and living in the colonies and allowing for allocation of jobs |
|
|
What do leks do during mating? |
Aggregation of males and females during mating, often males gather |
|
|
What is the main cost of living in a group? |
Larger groups, larger targets for predation, parasites and pathogens |
