Ecology Lecture 17 Exam 2

Front 1

How can populations be potentially modeled?

Back 1

Delayed logistic growth model

Front 2

Damped oscillation graph

Back 2

Front 3

Damped oscillation graph with words

Back 3

Low or medium delay x grow rate

Front 4

Stable limit cycle

Back 4

Front 5

Stable limit cycle with words

Back 5

large delay x Growth rate

Front 6

What is one reason delayed density dependence may occur?

Back 6

Because the organisms can store energy and nutrient reserves

Front 7

Graph comparing storage of resources vs no storage

Back 7

Front 8

Why can delayed density dependence occur because of life stage?

Back 8

When there is a time delay in development from one life stage to another

Front 9

Are small or large populations more vulnerable to extinction?

Back 9

Small

Front 10

How can the contradiction between negative density dependence and small populations more likely to go extinct?

Back 10

Resolved by incorporating random variation of growth rates

Front 11

given the initial condition, the system changes over time in exactly predictable way

Back 11

Deterministic system

Front 12

Given the initial, the system changes over time in a random by predictable way

Back 12

Stochastic system

Front 13

Random changes that affect the whole at once, all individuals have increased or decreased growth for example--> large scale

Back 13

Environmental stochasticity

Front 14

Random variation that affects each individual independently, small scale variation

Back 14

Demographic stochasticity

Front 15

How does population size effect the probability of extinction

Back 15

Population grows exponentially, size of pop=N, suppose probablitiy that individuals leaves no offspring =u, probability will N leave no offspring

Front 16

Which group of populations is least likely to go extinct?

Back 16

C, because they can adapt to different environments?

Front 17

Preferred habitat often occurs as patches of suitable habitat surrounded by a matrix of what?

Back 17

Unsuitable habitat

Front 18

Creation of patchy habitat from larger unbroken habitat

Back 18

Habitat fragmentation

Front 19

When is fragmentation complete?

Back 19

When no dispersal, and each patch separate population

Front 20

High quality patches that produce a large number of individuals that disperse to other patches

Back 20

Sources

Front 21

Low quality patches that produce few individuals and rely on dispersal from sink populations to avoid extinction

Back 21

sinks

Front 22

subpopulations connected by weak dispersal

Back 22

Roughly independent

Front 23

Subpopulations connected by strong dispersal

Back 23

Roughly one large population

Front 24

Less dispersal more easily leads to

Back 24

Local extinction

Front 25

Rate of dispersal or connection can change the probability of what?

Back 25

Less extinction

Front 26

In basic models of metapopulations, what do you assume?

Back 26

1. Habitat patches are of equal quality

2. each occupied patch has the same subpopulation size

3. each subpopulation supplies the same number of dispersers to other habitat patches

Front 27

P hat is what?

Back 27

Fraction of patches in the metapopulation that are occupied

Front 28

P hat equation

Back 28

1-e/c

Front 29

What does e =

Back 29

probability a path goes extinct

Front 30

What does c=

Back 30

probability an extinct recolonized

Front 31

T or F: Habitat patches almost always have equal quality

Back 31

False, rarely do

Front 32

Are unoccupied patches close to occupied patches more or less likely to be colonized?

Back 32

more

Front 33

Supplementation of a declining subpopulation to prevent it from goring extinct

Back 33

Rescue effect

Front 34

What does a larger area mean

Back 34

Less chance of extinction

Front 35

More isolation correlates to a higher or lower chance of extinction?

Back 35

Higher

Front 36

What can limit the abundance of species?

Back 36

Predators and herbivores

Front 37

What two things fluctuate with relation to predation and herbivory?

Back 37

Populations of consumers and consumed populations

Front 38

Predation and herbivory favor the evolution of what?

Back 38

Defenses

Front 39

T or F: studies show predators have no effect on prey populations

Back 39

false predators have a large effect on prey

Front 40

Introduced to a region of the world where they have not historically existed

Back 40

Introduced/ non-native species

Front 41

Introduced species that spread rapidly and negatively affect other species

Back 41

Invasive species

Front 42

Besides predators, what can also limit the abundance of prey?

Back 42

Parasitoids (parasites that kill and consume host)

Front 43

relatively small carnivores that consume herbivores

Back 43

mesopredators

Front 44

predators that typically consume both herbivores and predators

Back 44

Top/Apex predators

Front 45

What is the hierarchy of predators at different trophic levels?

Back 45

Apex carnivores, mesocarnivores, herbivores, vegetation

Front 46

Given the tropic relationships, which labeling best matches the figures at right?

Back 46

Top is coyotes and bottom is wolves (coyotes cause fawn to go down but wolves cause it to go up became wolves eat the deer but coyotes eat the wolves

Front 47

Herbivores have the substantial effects on what?

Back 47

The plants they consume

Front 48

Effects of herbivores can be seen experimental by what?

Back 48

Fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing

Front 49

Lynx and hare are in a _______ year population cycle

Back 49

9-10

Front 50

What can happen to the females in the larnyx population?

Back 50

Stress of population drives down fertility of the females