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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most common cause of neural tube defects
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Folate deficiency
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Most common cause of congenital malformations in the US
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Alcohol use
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Most common cause of congenital mental retardation in the US
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FAS
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Hyperflexible joints, arachnodactyly, aortic dissection, and lens dislocation
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Marfans syndrome
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Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss
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Alport Syndrome
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Unilateral facial drooping involving the forehead
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Bell's Palsy
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Ptosis, Miosis, and Anhidrosis
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Horner's syndrome
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Amyloid deposits in gray matter of brain
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Alzheimer disease
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Drooling farmer
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Organophosphate poisoning
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Inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance
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Sheehan's Syndrome
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Infertility, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopsia
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Prolactinoma
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Most Common causes of Cushing Syndrome
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Exogenous cortisol
Ectopic ACTH secreting tumor Cushing Disease Adrenal Adenoma |
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Most common tumor of adrenal
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Benign non-functioning adenoma
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Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
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Pheochromocytoma
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Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in kids
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Neuroblastoma
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Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
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Adrenal Adenoma
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Medical treatment for hyperaldosteronism
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Spironolactone; eplerenone
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Medical treatment for pheochromocytoma
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Non-selective alpha block; phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine
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Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, and hyperparathyroidism
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MEN 2A
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Pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid cancer, mucosal neuromas
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MEN 2B
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Adrenal disease associated with skin hyperpigmentation
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Addison's disease
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HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
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Conn's syndrome
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Most common thyroid cancer
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Papillary
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Cold intolerance
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Hypothyroid
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
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Papillary carcinoma
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Most common infections seen in chronic granulomatous disease
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Infections by catalase (+) organisms:
S. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Aspergillus, Candida |
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Eczema, recurrent URI, high serum IgE
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Job's syndrome
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Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes
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Chediak-Higashi
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Dark purple nodules on the skin in an HIV patient
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Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8)
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Large cells with owl's eye inclusions
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CMV
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Treatment for CMV
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Ganciclovir
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Most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients
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PCP pneumonia (Pneumocystis jirovecii)
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Drug used to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
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TMP-SMX
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Dysphagia, glossitis and iron deficiency anemia
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome
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Hematemesis with retchin
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Mallory-Weiss tear
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Specialized columnar epithelium seen in a biopsy from distal espophagus
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Barrett Esophagus
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Biopsy of a patient with esophagitis reveals pink intranuclear inclusions and host cell chromatin that is pushed to the edge of the nucleus
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HSV
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Biopsy of a patient with esophagitis reveals enlarged cells, intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions, and a clear perinuclear halo
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CMV esophagitis
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An esophageal biopsy reveals lack of ganglion cells between the inner and outer muscular layers
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Achalasia
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Biopsy of mass in parotid gland reveals a double layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on a dense lymphoid stroma
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Warthin's tumor
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Protrusion of the mucosa in the upper esophagus
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Plummer-Vinsons syndrome
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Outpouching of all layers of the esophagus found just above the LES
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Epiphrenic diverticulum
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Basal cell hyperplasia, eosinophilia, and elongation of lamina propria papilla seen in biopsy of esophagus
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Chronic reflux esophagitis
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Goblet cells seen in the distal esophagus
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Barrett Esophagus
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A PAS stain on biopsy obtained from a patient with esophagitis reveals hyphate organisms
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Candida esophagitis
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Esophageal pouch found in the upper esophagus
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Zencker diverticulum
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Stomach biopsy reveals neutrophils above the basement membrane, loss of surface epithelium, and fibrin containing purulent exudate
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Acute gastritis
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Stomach biopsy reveals lymphoid aggregates in the lamina propria, columnar absorptive cells, and atrophy of glandular structures
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Chronic gastritis
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Diffuse thickening of the gastric folds, elevated serum gastrin levels, biopsy reveals glandular hyperplasia without foveolar hyperplasia
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ZE syndrome
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Mucin filled cell with peripheral nucleus
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Signet ring cell
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Most common type of stomach cancer
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Adenocarcinoma
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Ovarian mets from gastric cancer
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Kruckenberg tumor
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Gastric ulcerations and high gastrin levels
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ZE syndrome
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with elevated ICP or head trauma
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Cushing Ulcer
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Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
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Curling ulcer
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Painless jaundice
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Pancreatic cancer
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Most common cause of acute pancreatitis
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Gallstones (the ladies) and alcohol (males)
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Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
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Alcohol abuse
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Standard treatment for DKA
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IV insulin, fluid replacement, K+ replacement
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Standard treatment for T1DM
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Insulin plus low sugar diet
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Standard treatment for T2DM
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Oral hypoglycemics, low sugar diet, weight loss, and possibly insulin
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Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy, and hyperpigmenation
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Whipple's disease
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Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
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Celiac sprue
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Vitamin given to pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects
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Folic acid (folate)
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Triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes
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Fatty liver disease
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Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes
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Mallory bodies
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Cancer linked closely to cirrhosis
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Severe hyperbilirubinemia in a neonate
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Crigler Najjir Type 1
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Mild, benign hyperbilirubinemia
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Gilbert syndrome
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Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
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Budd-Chiari syndrome
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Green/yellow corneal deposits
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Wilson's Disease
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Low serum ceruloplasmin
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Wilson's disease
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Cirrhosis, diabetes, hyperpigmentation
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Hemochromatosis
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Treatment for chronic hepatitis
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Interferon alpha and Ribavirin
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Preferred anticoagulant for immediate anticoagulation
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Heparin, LMWH
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Preffered anticoagulant for long term anticoagulation
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Warfarin
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Preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy
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Heparin, LMWH
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State where each of the following types of hemoglobin is found and it structure:
1. Hb A 2. Hb A2 3. Hb A1c 4. HbF 5. Hb Gower 6. Hb S 7. Hb C 8. Hb Bart's 9. Hb H |
1. 97 % of normal hemoglobin; a2B2
2. 2% of normal hemoglobin; alpha2delta2 3. Poorly controlled diabetes; alpha2beta2 glucose 4. Fetal hemoglobin; alpha2gamma2 5. Embryonic hemoglobin; zeta2epsilon2 6. Sickle cell hemoglobin; alpha2beta2(glu to val mutation) 7. Hemoglobin C disease; alpha2beta2 (glu to lys mutation) 8. Severe alpha thalassemia; gamma4 9. Severe alpha thalassemia; beta4 |
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A boy with self mutilating behavior, mental retardation, gout
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
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Elevated uric acid levels
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Gout, Lesch-Nyhan, Tumor lysis, Loop and thiazide diuretics
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Bluish colored lines on the gingivae
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Lead poisoning
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Causes of hypochromic, microcytic anemia
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Iron deficiency
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Hypersegmented neutrophils
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Megaloblastic anemia
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Skull x-ray shows a "hair on end" appearance
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beta-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia
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Basophilic stippling of RBC's
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Lead poisoning
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Painful cyanosis of the fingers, toes, with hemolytic anemia
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Cold agglutinins
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Red urine in the morning and fragile RBC's
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBC's
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Lead poisoning
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Autosplenectomy
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Sickle cell disease
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Drug used to treat sickle cell disease
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Hydroxyurea
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Antiplatelet antibodies
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Immune thrombocytic purpura
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Bleeding disorder with gp1b deficiency
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Bernard-Soulier disease
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Most common inherited bleeding disorder
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Von willebrand disease
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Most common lymphoma in the US
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Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
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Reed-Sternberg cells
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Hodgkin lymphoma
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Particularly associated with EBV
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Burkitt and Hodgkin's lymphomas
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Associated with long term celiac disease
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Intestinal T cell lymphoma
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Lymphoma equivalent of CLL
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SLL
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"Starry-sky pattern" due to phagocytosis of apoptotic tumor cells
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Burkitt lymphoma
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Associated with Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and H pylori
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Marginal cell maltoma
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Cancer most commonly associated with noninfectious fever
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Hodgkin lymphoma
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Smudge cells
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CLL
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Punched out lytic bone lesions
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Multiple myeloma
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Sheets of lymphoid cells with "starry sky" appearance
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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RBC's clumped together like a stack of coins
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Multiple myeloma
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Monoclonal antibody spike
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Multiple myeloma
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Reddish pink rods in the cytoplasm of leukemic blasts
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AML
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Large B cells with bilobed nuclei and prominent "owl's eye inclusions"
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Hodgkin lymphoma
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Treatment of choice for rickets or osteomalacia
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Vitamin D (D3)
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Swollen gums, poor wound healing, bleeding mucous membranes, and spots on the skin
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Scurvy
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Most common vitamin deficiency in the U.S.
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Folate
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Hypersegmented neutrophils
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Megaloblastic anemia
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, and polyneuropathy
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Vitamin B1 deficiency
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Most common cancer of the appendix
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Carcinoid tumor
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Most common surgical emergency
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Appendectomy
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GI hamartomas, hyperpigmentation of the mouth and hands
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Puetz-Jeghers syndrome
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Multiple colon polyps, osteomas, soft tissue tumors
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Gardner's syndrome
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Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
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Appendicitis (McBurney's sign)
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"Apple core" lesion on barium enema
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Colon cancer
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Most common site of colonic diverticula
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Sigmoid colon
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"String sign" on contrast x-ray
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Crohn's disease
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"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on contrast x-ray
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Ulcerative colitis
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Food poisoning due to exotoxin
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S. aureus or B. cereus
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Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
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Salmonella
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Ring enhancing lesion in HIV patient
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Toxoplasma gondii
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Treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis
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Metronidazole
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Most common protozoal diarrhea
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Giardia lamblia
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Most common helminth infection in the US
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Enterobius vermicularis
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Second most common helminth infection in the US
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Chronic sinusitis, infertility, and situs inversus
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Kartagener's syndrome
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Elevated D-dimers
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DVT; DIC
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Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, stasis of blood
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Virchow's triad
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Blue bloater
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Chronic bronchitis
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Pink puffer
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Emphysema
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Curschmann's spirals
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Asthma
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Most common cause of pulmonary hypertension
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COPD
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Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
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Sarcoidosis
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Vasculitis and glomerulonephritis
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Goodpasture, Wegener's granulomatosis
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
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Goodpasture
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Honeycomb lung on x-ray
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
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"Tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles
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Langerhan's cell histiocytosis (Birbeck granules)
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Most common cause of nosocomial pneumonia
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Klebsiella, E. coli, pseudomonas
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Lung cancer associated with SIADH
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Small cell carcinoma
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Iron-containing nodules in the alveolar septum
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Ferruginous bodies of asbestosis
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Most common bacteria implicated in exotoxin-mediated food poisonings
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S. aureus
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Branching gram positive rods with sulfur granules
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Actinomyces israelii
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Calcified granuloma in the lung, plus hilar lymphadenopathy
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Ghon complex
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Back pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
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Pott's disease
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Standard regimen for TB
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Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
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Standard treatment for T pallidum
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Penicillin G
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Cellulitis from a dog or cat bite
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Pasteurella multocida
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A non-painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
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Treponema pallidum (chancre)
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Moist, smooth, flat, white genital lesion
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Condyloma lata (secondary syphilis)
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Large bull's eye rash
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Erythema chronicum migrans
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Continuous machinery like heart murmur
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Patent ductus arteriosus
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Boot shaped heart
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Tetralogy of fallot
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Rib notching
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Aortic coarctation
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Most common congenital anomaly
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VSD
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Most common congenital cause of early cyanosis
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Cor pulmonale
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Right heart failure due to left heart failure
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Nutmeg liver
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Right heart failure; Budd-Chiari syndrome
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Bounding pulses, head bobbing, diastolic murmur
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Aortic regurgitation
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Most common congenital heart murmur
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Mitral valve prolapse
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Splinter hemorrhages under the fingernails
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Bacterial endocarditis
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Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
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Roth Spots
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Heart valve most commonly involved in bacterial endocarditis
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Mitral valve
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Heart valve most commonly involved in an IV drug user with bacterial endocarditis
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Tricuspid
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Granulomatous nodules in the heart
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Aschoff bodies
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Most common cardiac tumor in adults
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Metastasis
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Most common primary cardiac tumor in children
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Rhabdomyoma
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Most common cause of constrictive percarditis
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Lupus (U.S.)
TB (developing countries) |
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Cold, pale painful digits
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Raynaud's phenomenon
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c-ANCA
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Wegener's granulomatosis
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p-ANCA
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Microscopic polyangiitis
Churg-Strauss |
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Treatment for Buerger disease
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stop smoking
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Treatment for temporal arteritis
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High dose corticosteroids
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"Worst headache of my life"
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Lucid interval following head trauma
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Epidural hematoma
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Bloody CSF on LP
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Most common cause of subdural hematoma
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Rupture of bridging veins
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Most common cause of epidural hematoma
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Middle meningeal artery rupture
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Toe extension upon stimulating the sole of the foot with a blunt instrument
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Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
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Hyperreflexia, increased muscle tone, and positive babinski sign
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UMN lesion
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Hyporeflexia, decreased muscle tone, and muscle atrophy
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LMN lesion
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Depigmentation of the substantia nigra
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Parkinson's disease
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Chorea, dementia, and atrophy of the caudate and putamen
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Huntington's disease
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Eosinophilic inclusions in the cytoplasm of neurons
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Parkinson's disease Lewy bodies
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Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, with nystagmus and diplopia during lateral gaze
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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Degeneration of the dorsal columns
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Tabes dorsalis
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Demyelinating disease in young women
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Multiple sclerosis
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Mixed upper and lower motor neuron disease
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Newborn with arm paralysis following a difficult labor
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Erb-Duchenne palsy
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Bone enlargement, bone pain, and arthritis
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Paget disease of the bone
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Vertebral compression fractures
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Osteoperosis
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Most common cause of hypercalcemia
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Primary hyperparathyroidism
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Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
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Parathyroid adenoma
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Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
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Chronic renal failure
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Most common cause of hypoparathyroidism
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Accidental parathyroidectomy
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Facial spasm when tapping on the cheek
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Chvostek sign
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Parathyroid, pancreatic, and pituitary tumor
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MEN I
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