Comm 102 Test 3

Front 1

6 major research methods to study effects of media violence

Back 1

lab experiments, field experiments, correlational surveys, longitudinal panel studies, natural experiments, intervention studies

Front 2

content analysis

Back 2

researchers must 1st clearly define violent content, then carefully watch various programs to code each instance of violence as it occurs

Front 3

violence profile

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provides an objective appraisal of the amount of violence contained in each tv drama

Front 4

5 key elements of context that make people susceptible to negative effects

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a perpetrator who is an attractive model, violence that seems justified, violence that goes unpunished, minimal consequences to victims, violence that seems realistic to viewer

Front 5

meta-analysis

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an examination of the vast body of research studies using statistical methods to combine findings and look for overall indications of effects as well as general trends

Front 6

3 different levels of psychological impact that violent media fare have on viewers

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behavioral, affective, cognitive

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5 major mechanisms through which behavioral effects may occur

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imitation, catharsis, arousal, disinhibition, desensitization

Front 8

catharsis

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allows viewers to vent their aggressive impulses harmlessly through viewing televised violence or by fantasizing about violent acts

Front 9

disinhibition

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as viewers grow more accustomed to seeing violence on tv, they become less inhibited by social sanctions against committing violent acts

Front 10

desensitization

Back 10

involves repeated exposure to the frightening matter in a secure and nonthreatening atmosphere

Front 11

coping strategies can be

Back 11

cognitive (changing mental conceptions) or noncognitive (i.e. desensitization)

Front 12

levels of judgment

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four leading categories of factors influencing the strength of tv's influence on viewers' perceptions of the world; program specificity, viewer perceptions or interpretations, personal judgments about crime, situation specificity

Front 13

3 phases in public policy debate concerning media violence

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focused upon rising rate of juvenile delinquency, expanded to include concern about effects of tv violence on social behavior/well-being of society in its entirety, shifter to proactive attempt to reduce tv violence through legislative restrictions

Front 14

5 behavioral effects of media violence

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catharsis, arousal, imitation, disinhibition, desensitization

Front 15

pornography/erotica

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the graphic and explicit depictions of sexual activity

Front 16

5 types of materials classified as pornographic

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materials that depict sexual violence such as rape or other sex crimes, nonviolent sexual materials that depict instances of degrading or humiliating activities, or scenes of domination and subordination, nonviolent sexual material without degrading activities, materials that depict nudity, child pornography

Front 17

obscenity

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as legally defined by US Supreme Court, must meet 3 criteria: the material appeals to a prurient (sick) interest in sex, material is potently offensive or beyond the contemporary community standards regarding depictions of sexual content of activity, the material as a whole lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value"

Front 18

4 major themes in x-rated videos

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domination, reciprocity, exploitation, autoeroticism

Front 19

desensitization

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a change in values or attitudes that occurs over time as a previously taboo behavior is gradually accepted because of repeated exposure to mass media

Front 20

disinhibition

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causes changes in behavior in much the same way that desensitization causes changes in attitudes and values

Front 21

excitations transfer

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viewing arousing erotic materials tends to enhance aggressive tendencies in individuals

Front 22

excitation-and-valence model

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pleasing and (non)arousing erotica reduce aggressiveness; displeasing and nonarousing erotica increase aggression

Front 23

prevailing tone

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the context of the material and the context in which the person is exposed to it, as a whole

Front 24

four-factor syndrome

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the four major effects of consuming pornography are addiction, escalation, desensitization, and the tendency to act out or copy

Front 25

5 standards by which to measure prevailing tones

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seriousness/triviality of treatment; artistic merit/intent; necessary to the plot/degree of explicitness; context of viewing; cultural context

Front 26

3 categories of stimuli that recur in media content, usually resulting in fear responses in real life

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dangers and injuries, distortions of natural forms, the experience of endangerment and fear by others

Front 27

3 important factors that cause audience to react emotionally when they see fearful situations on screen

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realism of depiction, motivations of viewer, other factors that affect a viewer's emotionality

Front 28

2 strategies for coping with fear

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noncognitive strategies, cognitive strategies

Front 29

noncognitive strategies

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those that don't require the viewer to process verbal information (preschoolers)

Front 30

cognitive strategies

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those that require the activation of cognitive processes (i.e. talking about the fear) (elementary school age +)

Front 31

hard news

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the report of an event that happened or was disclosed within the previous 24 hours and treats an issue of ongoing concern

Front 32

5 primary characteristics of a newsworthy story

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personalized; dramatic, conflict-filled, controversial, violent; actual & concrete, not theoretical & abstract; novel or deviant; linked to issues of ongoing concern to news media

Front 33

personalization

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zeroing in on an individual as a vehicle to tell a major story

Front 34

secondary characteristics that define hard news stories

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inoffensive, perceived as credible, packageable, oriented toward a local angle

Front 35

soft news

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human interest stories, stories that are not considered fast breaking or immediate in nature

Front 36

news diffusion

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examines that ways that people hear about news items and the rapidity by which news spreads

Front 37

several characteristics that affect diffusion

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important or high impact event, timing of release, audience demographics

Front 38

rally effects

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in times of a national crisis when the president must take action and people in the country rally behind him and his approval rating subsequently goes up

Front 39

mass media contribute to rally effects in 2 ways:

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serve as vehicle through which information reaches the public; during times of crisis, media usually less critical of government leaders and policies in their effort toward solidarity building

Front 40

public communication campaigns

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messages intended to offer the public certain knowledge intended to produce attitude or behavior change

Front 41

concepts that are central to the understanding of communication campaigns

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objectives & methodsl strategy to facilitate change; potential benefits from proposed change; campaign stakeholders; public perceptions about the stakeholders

Front 42

2 defining characteristics of communication campaigns

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objectives, methods

Front 43

three E's

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the three basic strategies of social control that have been identified as causing changes in levels of knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors; education, engineering, enforcement

Front 44

stakeholders

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the individuals, groups, associations, or organizations that initiate the campaign stemming from their interest in promoting reform

Front 45

entitlement

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the concept that the source of the campaign messages must be seen as an individual or group who is entitled to offer the messages, place them on the public's issues agenda, and attempt to change the behavior of audiences

Front 46

2 classes of public issues

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obligations, opportunities

Front 47

2 classes of stakeholders

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first-party entitlement, second-party entitlement

Front 48

first-party entitlement

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refers to a situation in which an aggrieved group of stakeholder is seen by the public to be directly affected by an issue

Front 49

second-party entitlement

Back 49

pertains to circumstances in which a group is not directly impacted by a particular issue

Front 50

10 principles for successful campaigns

Back 50

1. understand historical & conceptual dimensions

2. apply & extend relevant theory

3. understand theoretical implications and interactions of campaign components

4. plan the campaign: match objectives to cost benefits

5. apply formative evaluation

6. analyze and understand the audience

7. analyze and understand media choices

8. mix multiple media and interpersonal channels when cost effective

9. understand uses and contradictions of mass media

10. identify reasonable criteria for campaign

Front 51

extended parallel process model

Back 51

recognizes two separate responses to fear appeals, either cognitive or emotional, and encourages a balance between 2

Front 52

diffusion model

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emphasizes spread of ideas/practices via interpersonal networks

Front 53

transtheoretical model

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identifies 5 stages in process of behavior change as part of audiences: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance

Front 54

4 stages in preproduction research

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indentify audience-related factors, specify behavior-related factors, identify the intermediate steps that occur after exposure to campaign message and before behavioral change takes place, identify media use factors

Front 55

3 major types of audiences

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focal segments, interpersonal influencers, societal policy makers

Front 56

3 types of evaluative models that may be used to assess the campaign's success

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advertising model, impact-monitoring model, experimental model

Front 57

advertising model

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focuses on early stages of communication hierarchy of effects

Front 58

impact-monitoring model

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focuses on social impacts in hierarchy of effects

Front 59

experimental model

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focuses on testing hypothesized casual chain through controlled manipulation of treatments