Cognitive Uni Year 2

Front 1

What is sensation?

Back 1

Registering stimulation of the senses

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

Processing and interpretating sensory information

Front 3

Cognition

Back 3

Using perceived info to learn, classify, comprehend

Front 4

Process for electromagnetic energy to be detected

Back 4

Through eyes, photoreceptor detect, processed in the primary visual cortex

Front 5

2 processes for chemical composition to be detected

Back 5

On tongue, chemoreceptors detect, processed by gustatory cortex

In nose, chemoreceptors detect, processed by olfactory cortex

Front 6

Process for air pressure waves to be detected

Back 6

In ears, mechanoreceptors [because they move] detect, auditory cortex processes

Front 7

Process for tissue distortion to be detected

Back 7

Touch (in hands e.g.) detected in mechanoreceptors and thermoreceptors, processed in somatosensory cortex

Front 8

Process for gravity and accelaration to be detected

Back 8

Movement detected in mechanoreceptors, processed in the temporal cortex

Front 9

What is transduction?

Back 9

Conversion of environmental energy to nerve signals

Front 10

All senses except which pass through the thalamus?

Back 10

Smell

Front 11

Process of sense organ to brain

Back 11

Environmental energy

Receptors

Intermediate neurons

Thalamus: neuron mass in middle of brain

Receiving area in cortex

Secondary cortex

Higher cortex

Front 12

Feedback for senses process

Back 12

Higher cortex

Secondary cortex

Recieving area in cortex

Thalamus

Front 13

What is bottom up processing?

Back 13

Perception starts with physical characteristics of stimulus and basic sensory processes (e.g. feature detectors)

Front 14

What did Gibson say about direct perception? (1950s)

Back 14

The info coming from sensory receptors is enough for perception to happen - complex thought not necessary

The environment contains sufficient cues to provide context to aid perception

Front 15

What is top-down processing?

Back 15

Perceived constructs their understanding of external stimuli based on past experience and knowledge

Front 16

What did Gregory (1966) say about top-down processing?

Back 16

'Perception is not determined simply by stimulus patterns, rather it is a dynamic searching for the best interpretation of the available data'

(What we experience is ambiguous, brain fills in the gaps)

Front 17

10 ways to investigate sensation and perception

Back 17

Staining

Single-cell recordings (electrophysiology)

fMRI

Lesion studies

Optical Imaging/near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS)

ERP from EEG (Event-relatee potential from electro-encephalogram)

Psychophysics

Illusions and introspection

Computation and modelling

Virtual lesions

Front 18

What is staining?

Back 18

Take dead brain cells and stain different cells in certain ways. Allows us to look at structure of the cells (allowed us to discover visual cortex had layers)

Front 19

What's the process of electrophysiology?

Back 19

Measure action potentials coming from live particular neurons

E.g. play sounds and see which sounds that neuron responds to

Helps to understand the very low/bottom level of coding

Front 20

Process of fMRI

Back 20

Relation of oxygenated/unoxygenated blood, where activity is in the brain, look at pattern of activity

Front 21

Lesion study example

Back 21

Phineas Gage

Front 22

Optical imaging/near infra-red spectroscopy process (NIRS)

Back 22

Shine red light into skull, able to penetrate to brain, brain is sensed and can detect blood flow, gives a good idea of what parts of the brain is active

Front 23

What's the process or ERP from EEG

Back 23

EEG - measure the electrolytes from the scalp

See how events effect pattern of activity

Front 24

What is Psychophysics?

Back 24

The scientific study of the relationship between physical stimuli and perceptual phenomenon

Get people to make decisions about physical stimuli

Front 25

What are virtual lesions?

Back 25

Lesions of the brain created temporarily

Front 26

How are virtual lesions examined

Back 26

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) Pulses of magnetic energy disrupt activity in a small part of the brain for a short period

Can be used to investigate sensation and perception

Front 27

Example of virtual lesions by TMS

Back 27

Biological motion

Picture = point light walker (can be made to look male/female)

TMS over the STS (posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS)) seems to disrupt how well people can detect biological motion - people can't see the walking person

Front 28

What's the problems do the brain have to solve from sensory info

Back 28

Eye has a 2d surface, world is 3d

2 objects can project same shape to retina but be completely different

Front 29

What can computer vision do?

Back 29

Can pick out and identify faces in a picture

Helps us to understand the processes

Front 30

3 labels in this picture

Back 30

Retina

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (in thalamus)

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

Front 31

Pupil description

Back 31

Where the light enters the eye

Front 32

Iris description

Back 32

Adjustable aperture (gap)

Constricts in high light to make pupil smaller

Front 33

Label

Back 33

Front 34

Cornea and lens job

Back 34

Focus light on retina

Front 35

Ciliary muscles job

Back 35

Change shape of lens to bring objects into focus at different distances

Front 36

Retina contains

Back 36

Photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Front 37

What are photoreceptors

Back 37

Cells with light sensitive photopigments in outer segments

Front 38

Label

Back 38

Front 39

Rods job

Back 39

Contain rhodopsin which respond to dim light

Front 40

Where are there no rods

Back 40

In fovea

Front 41

Cones desription

Back 41

3 types with photopigments most sensitive to different wavelengths (long, medium, short), daytime, colour vision,

See most of the detail, packed tightly into fovea

Front 42

What stage are the retinal ganglion cells in retinal processing?

Back 42

Last

Front 43

2 main types of ganglion cells

Back 43

Large parasol ganglion cells

Small midget ganglion cells

Front 44

Difference between what the parasol ganglion cells and midget ganglion cells do

Back 44

Code different properties of the stimuli

Have different "receptive fields" (midgets have smaller)

Front 45

Kuffler's (1953) recordings of cat ganglion cells

Back 45

Front 46

What did Kuffler's (1953) findings show

Back 46

On-centre, off-surround retinal ganglion cells receptive field = lateral inhibition

Front 47

Properties if retinal ganglion processing

Back 47

Poor at spotting gradual change

Good at picking out sharp edges

Filters the input for useful info

Front 48

What shows the perceptual effects of retinal ganglion cells (1)

Back 48

Hermann Grid

Front 49

What makes the Hermann grid illusion go away

Back 49

Wiggly boxes

Front 50

What shows the perceptual effects of retinal ganglion cells (2)

Back 50

Front 51

Issue with illusion of simultaneous contrast

Back 51

Not just immediate surrounding but also background - table shadow makes tile look even lighter

Front 52

Pathways in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (in thalamus) - LGN

Back 52

Parvocellular

Magnocellular

Konicellular

Front 53

Where do midget ganglion cells project to?

Back 53

Parvocellular pathway

Front 54

Where do parasol ganglion cells project to?

Back 54

Magnocellular pathway

Front 55

What info does the magnocellular cells send?

Back 55

Movement and flicker

and flicker

Hint 55

M

Front 56

What info does the parvocellular cells send?

Back 56

Detail and colour

Front 57

Why are midget ganglion cells suited for detail

Back 57

Smaller reflective fields

Front 58

Why are parasol ganglion cells suited for movement?

Back 58

Large reflective fields, need to know about movement quickly

Front 59

Other names for the primary visual cortex

Back 59

V1

Striate cortex

Front 60

What is retrinotopy

Back 60

Mapping of visual input created by the brain

Retinal mapping

Front 61

How good is retrinotopy

Back 61

Very biased, lots of information about what focusing on, very little about the periphery

Front 62

What did Hubel and Wiesels investigation of visual cortex entail

Back 62

Recording action potential in V1 cells in cats while presenting a light bar stimulus on a screen

Front 63

What did Hubel and Wiesel find?

Back 63

There are cells in V1 that fire only when the stimulus was presented in a certain orientation

Front 64

What did instrinstic optical imaging show on V1

Back 64

There are representations of all the points in the visual field and a representation of all the orientations of those points

So there are cells in V1 that respond to all the different points and all their orientations

Front 65

What is the role of development on visual cortex

Back 65

Critical period

If a kitten is raised in a tube with only vertical lines, won't develop cells that respond to horizontal lines

Front 66

What are the 2 streams of processing in V1

Back 66

Dorsal (where)

Ventral (what)

Front 67

Visual processing hierarchy

Back 67

Dots

Lines

Shapes

Faces

Front 68

Back 68

Front 69

What is the hoffding function

Back 69

What gestalt psychologists referred to as the problem of how we connect what we perceive to what is stored in out mind

Whether perception is as simple as associating what is seen to what is remembered

Front 70

What did Gibson observe to develop theory of direct perception

Back 70

Infants who quickly developed perceptual awareness despite lacking much prior knowledge and experience

Front 71

What is the template theory of perception

Back 71

Suggests we have templates stored in our minds - highly detailed models of how the world works (patterns). Recognise patterns by comparing it to templates - select 1 that matches exactly what we see

Chunk-based theory, store info in chunks

Front 72

What is the feature matching theory of perception

Back 72

We attempt to match features of a pattern to stored features, rather than to match an entire template

Front 73

Neuroscience evidence of direct perception

Back 73

Mirror neurons (neurons that fire both when an animal act and when the animal observer the same action performed by others) = can understand what we observing before we can form hypotheses on it.

Separate lateral occipital pathways (What pathways) for processing form, colour and texture; can judge independently of other properties.

Front 74

Neuroscience evidence of feature-matching theories

Back 74

Gnostic units (grandmother cells) that recognise a complex but specific object or concept - Jennifer Aniston neuron

Front 75

Recognition By Components (RBC) Theory of perception

Back 75

Seeing with the help of geons (3D geometric shapes e.g. cones bricks) - Biederman

Front 76

Neuroscience evidence of RBC Theory

Back 76

Neurons in inferior temporal cortex sensitive to viewpoint-invariant properties

(Contradicted by fact some neurons respond to only 1 viewpoint and response decreases as viewpoint changes)

Front 77

Bottom up theories of perception

Back 77

Direct/ecological perception

Template theories

Feature-matching theories

RBC theory

Front 78

6 top down theories to perception

Back 78

Constructive perception

Perceputal constancies

Context effect

Object-superiority effect

Word-superiority effect

Configural-superiority effect

Front 79

What is constructive perception

Back 79

Expectations and intelligence influence how we perceive the world; based on what we sense, know and can infer

Front 80

What is perceptual constancies

Back 80

See things as same size/colour despite changing

Front 81

What are context effect

Back 81

Easier to recognise a target object when it is in an expected context

Palmer- people identified objects easier if they had previously seen objects appropriate for context rather than inappropriate

Front 82

What is the object-superiority effect

Back 82

Easier to recognise target line when it forms part of a 3D rather than a 2D pattern

Front 83

What is the word-superiority effect

Back 83

Easier to recognise target letter when it is part of a string of letters that form a word

Front 84

What is the configural-superiority effect

Back 84

Objects presented in configurations are easier to recognise than objects presented in isolation (picking dif line is easier when lines form triangles rather than just being lines in isolation)

Front 85

What is human Trichromacy

Back 85

3 cone types, maximally sensitive at short, middle and long wavelengths

Front 86

Short wavelength cones peak in which colour?

Back 86

Blue

Front 87

Middle wavelength cones peak in which colour?

Back 87

Green

Front 88

Long wavelength cones peak in which colour?

Back 88

Yellow

Front 89

What is the evolution of trichomacy related to (cause)?

Back 89

Foraging for ripe fruit/berries

Dichromatic cone types 'blue and yellow'

Trichomacy ('yellow' split into 'red' and 'green")

Front 90

What is the evolution of trichomacy related to (effect)?

Back 90

Bare skin: socio-sexual signals from blood oxygenated

Monochromatic - often nocturnal

Trichomatic primates tend to have more had a skin on faces vs dichromatic

Front 91

What colours do monochromats see?

Back 91

Black and white

Front 92

What's a dichromatic lacking 'red' (long wavelengths)

Back 92

Protanopia

Front 93

What's a dichromat lacking green cones (medium)

Back 93

Deuteranopia

Front 94

What's a dichromat lacking in blue cones (short)

Back 94

Tritanopia

Front 95

What are the 2 types of anomolous trichromats

Back 95

Deuteranomoly

Protanomoly

Front 96

What is deuteranomoly

Back 96

When the medium cone shifts towards long

Front 97

What is protanomoly

Back 97

When the long cone shifts towards medium cone

Front 98

Is anomalous trichomacy a genetic condition?

Back 98

Yes - boys 8%, women <1%

Front 99

How does colour perception change over aging

Back 99

Becomes more yellow

Front 100

Is there a cure for colour vision deficiency?

Back 100

Male squirrel monkeys (dicromatic)

Red opsin gene, virus and DNA injected into some cones

Gene therapy turns dichromats into trichromats

Front 101

What is human tetrachromacy?

Back 101

Having 4 cones - some women have 4, usual 3 and shifted red or green cone type

Doesn't mean can see more colours

Front 102

What's does an anomaloscope measure?

Back 102

Cone sensitivity

Front 103

What are the 3 'cone-opponent' channels (colours)

Back 103

'Red-green'

'Blue-yellow'

'Black-white'

Front 104

What's the name of the red-green channel

Back 104

Cherry-teal (Long medium axis)

Front 105

What's the name of the blue yellow channel

Back 105

Lime-violet (S axis)

Front 106

Whats the name of the black white channel?

Back 106

Achromatic (luminance axis)

Front 107

What are the cells in the LGN for red green colours?

Back 107

Parvocellular (midget cells)

Front 108

What are the cells in the LGN for the yellow-blue colour

Back 108

Koniocellular

Front 109

What are the cells in the LGN for luminance

Back 109

Magnocellular (parasol cells)

Front 110

What's a test that demonstrates cone-opponency?

Back 110

Colour affect-effect visual illusion

Front 111

What processing stream does colour go to when sent to temporal cortex

Back 111

Ventral processing stream (what pathways)

Front 112

What is cerebral achromatopsia

Back 112

Damage to small cortical region, loss of colour perception

Cones work, activation at V1 in response to colour, but things don't appear coloured

Front 113

What's the top-down effect on colour

Back 113

Memory of colour effects perception of colour

E.g. if asked to make banana gray, people make it blueish-gray

Front 114

2 theories on why we prefer some colours more than others

Back 114

Biological components theory

Ecological valence theory

Front 115

What is the biological components theory of aesthetic response to colour

Back 115

Some colours stimulate visual system in a way more pleasing

Front 116

What is the Ecological Valence Theory of aesthetic response to colour?

Back 116

Colour preference due to colour-object associations

Front 117

What is WAVE (used in ecological Valence theory)

Back 117

Algorithm that shows/predicts how good/bad objects associated with that colour are

Front 118

What is colour constancy

Back 118

Perceived colours of objects do not change even if illumination changes

Front 119

What is sustained attention also called?

Back 119

Vigilance

Front 120

What is divided attention?

Back 120

Where you focus attention on more than 1 things, e.g. multitasking

Front 121

Difference between covert and overt attention

Back 121

Covert is trying to obscure where you are attending to

Overt is obviously paying attention to something

Front 122

How can we study covert spatial attention?

Back 122

Reaction time experiments (assume attention takes time to move around)

Front 123

What are endogenous cues

Back 123

Cues that require understanding (top down process) such as an arrow pointing left requires understanding of what arrows are

Front 124

What are exogenous cues?

Back 124

Cues that gain attention involuntarily e.g. flashing box instead of an arrow

Front 125

What is the name of this experiment?

Back 125

Spatial cueing

Front 126

What's the name of this experiment

Back 126

Visual/feature search

Front 127

What is the target in this and what is required?

Back 127

Target is a conjunction

Serial search is required

Front 128

What is this task?

Back 128

Response competition flanker task

Front 129

What is this task?

Back 129

Singleton Attentional Capture Task

Front 130

What is change blindness

Back 130

The idea that we often miss big changes to our visual field that appear to be obvious if aware

Front 131

In a central fixation task, covert attention to faces has what neural response?

Back 131

Increases fusiform face area (FFA) response

Front 132

In a central fixation task, covert attention to houses has what neural response

Back 132

Increases Parahippocampal place area (PPA) response

Front 133

What is early selection of attention?

Back 133

Info selected for future processing based on sensory physical characteristics

Front 134

What is late selection of attention?

Back 134

If info is selected later in the processing stream once it's meaning has already been assigned

Front 135

What is the cocktail party effect?

Back 135

When you focus on one stream of info and ignore another

NOT the breakthrough effect (hearing name in room full of people)

Front 136

What is the dichotic listening task?

Back 136

Ppts wear headphones, dif messages to each ear, subjects attended one ear and ignored the other

Asked to repeat attended message out loud (shadowing)

Front 137

What does the dichotic listening task show?

Back 137

Ppts shadow the attended message easily

When asked about unattended message:

Can report physical characteristics (e.g. sex of voice, large pitch changes)

But not much else

Rarely noticed when in a foreign language or reversed speech

No content remembered, even if the same word was presented 35 times

Front 138

What selection does the dichotic listening task support?

Back 138

Early

Front 139

2 early selection theories

Back 139

Broadbents filter theory

Triesman attenuation model

Front 140

How does Triesman's attenuation model differ from Broadbent's filter theory?

Back 140

Triesman modifies Broadbents so that unattended messages attenuated rather than lost completely, dampened down

Still processed to the level of meaning but the signals in the NS that it generates are v much weaker than the attended stream

Front 141

Problem with early selection from Mossy (1959)

Back 141

Breakthrough effect (not the cocktail effect) - hearing name in room full of people

Front 142

Problems with the early selection from Triesman

Back 142

Bilinguals influenced by unattended stream if it's in 2nd language

Front 143

Problems with early selection from Gray and Weddeburn

Back 143

Responses should have been Dear 7 Jane, but was Dear Aunt Jane

Front 144

What 3 things can late selection of attention explain?

Back 144

MacKay Dichotic listening task

Response competition interference (flanker task)

Negative priming

Front 145

What is the flanker task/response competition task and what does it show relating to attention selection

Back 145

Incongruent distractor in irrelevant location slows RTs

Front 146

How can late selection models explain negative priming?

Back 146

Asked to categorise words as object or animal

Responses to word slowed when preceded by semantically related ignored picture

Suggests ignored stimuli is semantically categorised and inhibited

Front 147

A theory of selective attention other than early/late

Back 147

Lavie's Load Theory - both late and early are possible

The stage of selection depends on the availability of perceptual capacity (depending on the load of the task stimuli)

Front 148

How do behavioural measures of distraction give evidence of Lavie's Load theory

Back 148

Flanker task

Front 149

What does the gorillas in our midst experiment show as evidence supporting load theory of attention

Back 149

Inattentional blindness

Front 150

2 neuroimaging evidence for load theory

Back 150

High perceptual load reduces visual cortex response to background

High perceptual load reduces amygdala response to fearful faces

Front 151

What does exogenous mean

Back 151

Having external cause or origin

(Bottom up)

Hint 151

Bottom up/ top down?

Front 152

What does endogenous mean

Back 152

Having internal cause or origin

Top down

Hint 152

Bottom up/top down

Front 153

Who suggested the biased competition theory?

Back 153

Desimone and Duncan

Front 154

Who suggested the biased competition theory?

Back 154

Desimone and Duncan

Front 155

What is the biased competition theory?

Back 155

Top down attentional control mechanisms and bottom up sensory driven mechanisms sensitive to stimulus salience compete for representation

Front 156

What is local salience

Back 156

How much something differs from surrounding image attributes along some dimension such as colour, shape, luminance, size etc?

Front 157

What is this called?

Back 157

Salient colour singletons

Front 158

Who studied salient colour singletons?

Back 158

Theeuwes

Front 159

How did Theeuwes study salient colour singletons

Back 159

Front 160

What did Theeuwes suggest after studying singleton attentional capture task

Back 160

Bottom up before top down

Front 161

What is a saliency map?

Back 161

Picture represented as it's contrasts in terms of intensity, orientation and colour

Front 162

Who suggested contingent capture

Back 162

Folk and remington

Front 163

What is contingent capture?

Back 163

Where attention can only be captured by stimulus relevant to our goals (even if the relevance may be less obvious)

Front 164

Evidence for folk and Remington contingent capture

Back 164

In spatial cueing task

Colour cues capture attention when target defined on colour

Onset cues capture attention when target defined on onset

Not vice versa

Front 165

What did Bacon and Egeth argue about Theeuwes's colour singleton task

Back 165

Task is to "spot the odd one out", so singletons colour is relevant to top down goals

Front 166

How did Bacon and Egeth change Theeuwes' task

Back 166

Made shape target no longer a singleton, so instead of all other shapes just being a diamond, made them all different shapes

Front 167

What did Bacon and Egeth find in their alteration to Theeuwes' task

Back 167

Colour singleton no longer interferes

Front 168

What was Theeuwes' respond to Bacon and Egeth?

Back 168

Suggested they reduced the local salience

If more shapes added keeping many of them diamonds and few different, colour still stands out

Front 169

An alternative suggested than top down or bottom up suggestion of attention capture

Back 169

Abrupt onset - Only abrupt onset can produce stimulus driven capture

Front 170

What did Franconeri and Simon's find about attention

Back 170

Moving or looming stimuli capture attention, but receeding stimuli does not

Front 171

What does Anderson suggest may be a third determinant of attention?

Back 171

Value

Front 172

What are the 4 sub components of cognitive control?

Back 172

Working memory

Inhibition

Conflict resolution

Proactive/reactive control

Front 173

What is conflict resolution

Back 173

Where you prioritize one process over another, inhibiting another

Front 174

What is conflict resolution

Back 174

Where you prioritize one process over another, inhibiting another

Front 175

What is proactive and reactive control

Back 175

Proactive - set a strategy in advance (e.g. decide to concentrate in lecture)

Reactive - respond to events as they happen (e.g. if someone's phone went off in lecture, would have to use reactive control to stay concentrated to lecture)

Front 176

According to the load theory, does perceptual load increase or reduce distraction?

Back 176

Reduce

Front 177

How did Lavie et al alter the flanker task to test the effects of cognitive load?

Back 177

Asked ppts to remember digits during each trial

Either low cog load - 1 digit

Or high - 6 digits

Front 178

What did Lavie et al find about cognitive load during their alteration to the flanker task?

Back 178

Distractor interference increased under high cognitive load

(Opposite to perceptual load)

Front 179

Does perceptual load increase or decrease inattentional blindness?

Back 179

Increase

Front 180

What was the test for if cognitive load reduces inattentional blindness?

Back 180

Carmel et al

Suprise memory test for faces

Front 181

What was the test for if cognitive load reduces inattentional blindness?

Back 181

Carmel et al

Suprise memory test for faces

Front 182

What did the test for cognitive load and awareness (inattentional blindness) find by Carmel et al?

Back 182

Low load only has chance level at remembering faces (blindness)

High load had about 80% accuracy, better on memory test so were remembering faces

Front 183

Does cognitive load increase or decrease inattentional blindness?

Back 183

Decrease

Front 184

Name of test that gives evidence that people with better cognitive control are less distracted

Back 184

Engle et al Operation Span (OSPAN) task

Front 185

What happens in the Operation Span (OSPAN) task

Back 185

Simultaneously perform simple maths and read words, test recall wordsArgued to assess efficiency of prefrontal functioning

Front 186

What's does the Operation Span (OSPAN) task show?

Back 186

Individuals with low WM capacity show increased

stroop interference

Response competition interference

Own name break-through in dichotic listening task

Front 187

In fMRI of spatial cueing, what part of brain responds to the cued location (effect of attention)

Back 187

Visual cortex

Front 188

In fMRI, what part if the brain activates at time of cue (the mechanisms orienting attentional)

Back 188

Frontal parietal

Front 189

In an fMRI study of the singleton distractor task, what part of the brain negatively predicted behavioural interference?

Back 189

Frontal activation

Front 190

In an fMRI study of the singleton distractor task, when there was a colour singleton, what parts of the brain were more activated compared to no colour singleton?

Back 190

Frontal and parietal

Front 191

What part of the brain is activated during sustained attention?

Back 191

Frontal regions

Front 192

As some frontal regions are used in both attentional control and general task-unrelated thought (mind wandering), what has been suggested to use to differentiate them neuroimaging evidence? And how successful is it?

Back 192

Individual differences in working memory capacity, poor - conflicting suggestions = high WM associated with more AND less mind wandering

Front 193

What is the ipsilateral eye

Back 193

The eye on the same side of the body

Front 194

What is the contralateral eye

Back 194

The eye on the opposite side of the body

Front 195

Do more or less cones increase visual sharpness?

Back 195

Less

Few cones in fovea where sharpness is best

Front 196

What are split span experiments

Back 196

When presented lists to each ear and ppts have to try to report all stimuli from one ear, then the otherWhen asked to switch, performance is poor

Front 197

What is the stimulus set filter (broadbent)

Back 197

Filter for only items with common physical characteristics (e.g. all red)

Front 198

What is a response set filter (broadbent)

Back 198

Assignment of stimuli to responses is defined with respect to mental category, cannot be defined relative to physical properties (e.g. classifying arithmetic symbols like alpha)

Front 199

Which of stimulus set and response set are filtering and pigeonholing according to Broadbent

Back 199

Stimulus set is filtering

Response set is pigeonholing

Front 200

What is sound?

Back 200

A local pressure disturbance in a continuous medium that contains frequencies in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz (the audible range)

Front 201

The speed at which the sound propagates depends on what?

Back 201

The type, temperature and pressure of the medium through which it propagates

Front 202

What's the speed of sound in dry air?

Back 202

343m/s

Approx 1 meter every 2.9 milliseconds

Front 203

What are waveforms?

Back 203

Sound waves represented as the temporal variation of sound pressure at a fixed point in space

Front 204

What are waveforms?

Back 204

Sound waves represented as the temporal variation of sound pressure at a fixed point in space

Front 205

What is a period of a sound wave?

Back 205

The duration of an oscillation cycle

The time between 2 peaks

Front 206

What is a period of a sound wave?

Back 206

The duration of an oscillation cycle

The time between 2 peaks

Front 207

What's a good analogy of an oscillator?

Back 207

A kid on a swing

Front 208

What does the pressure variation of a periodic sound depend on?

Back 208

An oscillator with a given period and a given amplitude

Front 209

What is the frequency of a sound?

Back 209

The number of air pressure oscillation cycles per second

Front 210

What is the equation of the frequency of a sound

Back 210

Inverse of the period

F=1/T

Front 211

What is fundamental frequency of the male voice?

Back 211

125 Hz

Front 212

What us the fundamental frequency of the female voice?

Back 212

200 Hz

Front 213

What is the amplitude of a sound?

Back 213

The magnitude of change in sound pressure within the wave

Corresponds to the max amount of pressure at any point in the sound wave

Front 214

Another name for amplitude

Back 214

Sound pressure level

Front 215

What is amplitude measured in

Back 215

Decibels, a logarithmic perceptual scale

(×10= double the amplitude)

Front 216

What does a spectrogram enable us to visualise?

Back 216

The distribution of the energy (amplitude) in 2 dimensions: time (s) and frequency (Hz)

Front 217

What 2 ways to represent sound like spectrogram

Back 217

Spectrum

Waveform

Front 218

Difference between a spectrogram and a spectrum

Back 218

Spectrum has time dimension removed

Front 219

What is a spectrogram without the dimension of frequency

Back 219

Waveform

Front 220

What is a pure tone?

Back 220

Single frequency tones with no harmonic content (no over tones

Corresponds to a sine wave

Front 221

What are complex sounds

Back 221

Periodic sounds that have energy at more than 1 frequency, composed of more than 1 pure tone

Front 222

What is the pinna/auricle

Back 222

External bit of the ear, affects high frequency sounds by interference between the echoes reflected off it's different structures

Front 223

What connects the pinna to the ear drum?

Back 223

The meatus (ear canal)

Front 224

Role of the outer ear

Back 224

Capture sound signals

Amplify mid frequencies

Vertical direction coding

Front 225

Role of the middle ear

Back 225

Protection

Impedance matching (maximize power transfer)

Front 226

Role of the inner ear

Back 226

Frequency analysis

Transduction (convert energy)

Front 227

What does the middle ear cavity contain

Back 227

3 ossicles (tiny bones): the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil) and the stapes (stirrup)

Front 228

What does impedance matching in the middle ear entail?

Back 228

Enables air vibrations (sound) to be efficiently transformed into fluid vibrations

Turns a large amplitude vibration in air to a small amplitude vibration (of the same energy) in fluid

Front 229

What is the function of the cochlea?

Back 229

To transform a mechanical signal into neural responses in the 8th cranial nerve (auditory vestibular nerve)

Front 230

What are the name of the hairs in the ear?

Back 230

Stereocilia

Front 231

In the organ of corti, are the outer or inner hair cells free to move?

Back 231

Inner

Front 232

When a sound reached the middle ear the activity of the stapes against the oval window causes pressure changes across what?

Back 232

The basilar membrane

Front 233

When the basilar membrane bends, what it generates flow where?

Back 233

In the endolymph

Front 234

When the hairs in the inner ear bend towards the tallest stereocilium, does the cell voltage increase or decrease?

Back 234

Increase

Front 235

What are outer hair cells responsible for?

Back 235

The high sensitivity (hear very low thresholds sounds) and sharp tuning (high frequency resolution)

Front 236

What are efferent fibres?

Back 236

Brain to ear fibres

Front 237

What does "outer hair cells exhibit motility" mean?

Back 237

Act as tiny motors that amplify the mechanical movement of the basilar membrane

Front 238

How does the sound waves change as it travels down the basilar membrane

Back 238

Starts with high frequencies (narrow and stiff)

Ends with low frequencies (wide and flaccid)

Front 239

What is the place theory of frequency analysis

Back 239

High frequency sounds only excite neurons at the base (position 2)

Low frequency sounds only excite neurons at the apex (position 1)

Front 240

What is the temporal (or 'phase locking') theory of pitch perception for pure tones?

Back 240

The brain times the cycles of the waveform (periods)

Only works for low frequencies

Front 241

What is the coding of intensity

Back 241

The louder a sound is, the more frequently the auditory nerve fires

Dif nerves have different thresholds (most low, few high and won't saturate until sounds are high)

Front 242

What are the 4 parts of the vocal apparatus

Back 242

The lungs

The trachea

The larynx

The supralaryngeal vocal tract

Front 243

What are the 3 parts in the supralaryngeal vocal tract

Back 243

The pharynx

The mouth

The nasal cavity

Front 244

What are the two functional components in voice production

Back 244

The source and the filter

Front 245

What is the source in voice production

Back 245

The larynx

Front 246

What is the filter in voice production

Back 246

The vocal tract

Front 247

What is the filter in voice production

Back 247

The vocal tract

Front 248

What is the filter in voice production

Back 248

The vocal tract

Front 249

What creates the pitch in voices

Back 249

Rate of vibration of vocal folds affects the fundamental frequency, which affects the pitch

Front 250

What is phonation?

Back 250

Vibration of the vocal folds

Front 251

What is another name for sound waves generated by cyclic opening and closing of the glottis

Back 251

Glottal wave

Front 252

How many times the vocal fold open and closes per second gives what?

Back 252

The fundamental frequency (F0)

Front 253

The variation of F0 with time determines the fundamental frequency contour. In speech it affects what?

Back 253

The intonation

Front 254

Does pitch increase or decrease with longer and heavier vocal folds?

Back 254

Decrease

Front 255

How much bigger is the larynx in males

Back 255

40%

Front 256

What are the vocal tract resonances?

Back 256

The formants

Front 257

Formants are on average what % lower in adult males than females

Back 257

20%

Front 258

What is articulation

Back 258

Change in vocal tract shape

Front 259

What changes formant frequency patterns?

Back 259

Modulation of the cross sectional area of the oropharynx

Front 260

What's the difference between vowels and consonants?

Back 260

Vowel has open configuration of the vocal tract

Consonant has a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract

Front 261

What number formants are mainly involved in vowel perception and classification?

Back 261

F1 and F2

Front 262

What number formants are mainly involved in vowel perception and classification?

Back 262

F1 and F2

Front 263

What 2 things categorise consonants?

Back 263

Place and manner of articulation

Front 264

What are fricative consonants?

Back 264

Where the vocal tract partially closes

Front 265

What are stop consonants

Back 265

Where the vocal tract completely closes, then suddenly opens again

Front 266

What is coarticulation

Back 266

The articulation of 2 or more speech sounds together, so that 1 influences the other

Front 267

Advantages of coarticulation?

Back 267

Easier to transmit info at a faster rate

Front 268

Disadvantages of coarticulation

Back 268

No constant acoustic targets in speech

The same consonant can be represented as dif sounds in dif contexts

The same sound can be heard as different consonants in different contexts

Front 269

What is categorical perception?

Back 269

Perception of different sensory phenomena as being qualitatively or categorically different

Front 270

What consonants have labial articulation

Back 270

B p

Front 271

What consonants have alveolar articulation

Back 271

D t

Front 272

What consonants have velar articulation

Back 272

G K

Front 273

What consonants have velar articulation

Back 273

G K

Front 274

What is voice onset time

Back 274

The silence duration before the consonant is heard

Front 275

3 definitions of categorical perception in speech

Back 275

Sharp phoneme boundary

Discrimination peak at phoneme boundary

Discrimination predicted from identification

Front 276

What is a discrimination experiment in speech?

Back 276

Play 2 stimuli that vary by a very small amount of steepness in slope of a formant next to each, asked if it's the same letter or a different letter

Front 277

In the discrimination experiment, does everyone have the same categories for each phoneme?

Back 277

No, can vary a little bit e.g. different language have dif cut offs

Front 278

What is categorical perception of a phoneme a result of?

Back 278

Human mapping auditory signal to articulatory perception

Front 279

Is speech categorical perception unique to humans and why

Back 279

No, chinchillas and quals show the same voice onset time boundaries for /da/ and /ta/ continuum

Macaques show discrimination peaks at human voice onset time and place of articulation boundaries

Hint 279

2 evidence

Front 280

Is categorical perception of speech innate or acquired

Back 280

Children born with ability to make many speech distinctions, but lose ability to make distinctions the language doesn't use

CP is ACQUIRED by reduction of perceptual sensitivity within native phoneme boundaries (so learn distinctions of 1 language)

Sensitivity can be re-acquired with intensive training

Front 281

What is the difference between a phonetic sounds and phonemic sound

Back 281

Phonetic sound (phone) = a particular sound used by any language e.g. the sound of l or r

Phonemic sound (phoneme) = a sound used in contrast to another in a particular language e.g. the category /r/ as distinct from /l/

Front 282

Whats an example of a minimal pair?

Back 282

/r/ and /l/ in English

Front 283

What do minimal pairs define?

Back 283

Phonemes in a particular language

Front 284

What is the bar, far effect called

Back 284

McGurk effect

Front 285

What is an interdisciplinary approach?

Back 285

Applying methods and language from more than one discipline (branch of knowledge)

Front 286

What approach allows us to study language?

Back 286

Interdisciplinary

Front 287

3 reasons Chomsky suggests language could not have evolved through natural selection

Back 287

No genetic variation

Confers no selective advantage

Would require more evolutionary time and genomic space than is available

Front 288

What type of humans had the largest brain size?

Back 288

Neanderthal

Front 289

What % of our body weight is our brain?

Back 289

2%

Front 290

What % of our energy does our brain take up?

Back 290

20%

Front 291

What is the Machiavellian intelligence or social brain hypothesis

Back 291

Brain increases in size due to selective pressures favouring individuals capable of dealing with increasingly complex social relationships

Hint 291

Why brain is so large in modern humans

Enable language/social cognition:

Front 292

Problem with the Machiavellian intelligence or social brain hypothesis

Back 292

What came first, large brain or large social group - chicken and egg situ

Hint 292

Brain increases in size due to selective pressures favouring individuals capable of dealing with increasingly complex social relationships

Front 293

What is the social contract hypothesis

Back 293

Large brain evolved to facilitate symbolism, necessary to enable the coordination of complex social contracts (e.g. marriage) which is necessary in hunting

Hint 293

Why human brains so big

Enable language/social cognition:

Front 294

What is the scheherazade effect hypotheses

Back 294

Verbal skills as an indicator of gene quality. Selected for by sexual selection.

Hint 294

Why human brains so big

Enable language/social cognition:

Front 295

Is the size of prefrontal lobe the reason we can speak?

Back 295

No, recent MRI suggest frontal lobe not relatively bigger than apes

Front 296

How do mirror neurons link to language

Back 296

Capacity to imitate

Neurons fire in the homologue of the Brocas area/F5 of the premotor cortex

Enable mapping of perception onto execution

Natural starting point for evolution of imitation abilities

Front 297

In the Kuypers/Jurgens hypothesis to speech, what do only humans have?

Back 297

Only humans have direct connections to the laryngeal motor neurons that control the muscles of the larynx

Front 298

What is thoracic breathing

Back 298

Using muscles of the thorax (intercostal muscles) and the abdomen to keep constant control over breathing

Front 299

What is the size exaggeration hypothesis

Back 299

Sexual selection, sound bigger

Hint 299

The descent of the larynx

Front 300

What 2 vowels couldnt Neanderthal produce?

Back 300

i and a

Front 301

Is right handedness present in other animals or just human

Back 301

Unique to humans

Front 302

Most vertebrates show a dominance for vocal production and perception in which hemisphere?

Back 302

Left

Front 303

What did Corballis suggest to be the reason we are right handed?

Back 303

Long lasting association between gestures and localisation

Discovery of mirror neurons for gesturijg in homologous equivalent to Brocas area in monkeys support idea of imitation abilities essential to language may have involved gesturing before vocalising

Front 304

What is the ding-dong theory

Back 304

Imitation/ritualisation of nature sounds

Hint 304

To what the first spoken words derive from

Front 305

What is the pooh-pooh theory?

Back 305

Imitation/ritualisation of internal states (fear-aggression)

Hint 305

To what the first spoken words derive from

Front 306

What is the bow-wow theory

Back 306

Imitation/ritualisation of other species calls (e.g. preys, hunt deer bleat)

Hint 306

To what the first spoken words derive from

Front 307

What is a protolanguage

Back 307

Ability to form representations and combine them into short sequences

Front 308

What is the classic model to how we categorise the world

Back 308

Features (set defining features)

Front 309

Conceptual hierarchies lead to ... of representation

Back 309

Economy

Front 310

What is the probabilistic view of concepts

Back 310

Prototype theory

No defining features, concepts represented by prototypes with characteristic features

Front 311

What is the probabilistic view of concepts

Back 311

Prototype theory

No defining features, concepts represented by prototypes with characteristic features

Front 312

What is the theory theory of concepts

Back 312

Concepts are knowledge-based, based on people's goals, assumptions and understandings

Not a checklist of unrelated features

Front 313

What is the theory theory of concepts

Back 313

Concepts are knowledge-based, based on people's goals, assumptions and understandings

Not a checklist of unrelated features

Front 314

Does the prototypicality view or theory theory view of concepts allow for conceptual combination?

Back 314

Theory theory

Hint 314

Baby oil

Dog fish

Front 315

Does the prototypicality view or theory theory view of concepts allow for conceptual combination?

Back 315

Theory theory

Hint 315

Baby oil

Dog fish

Front 316

Evidence we can think without language (2)

Back 316

Prelingual babies show evidence of conceptual categories e.g. phoneme discrimination

Speech and language impairments don't necessarily destroy thought and reason

Front 317

What did Ferdinand de Sausurre suggest about concepts

Back 317

There is a signifier (the symbol or image) and a signified (the meaning conveyed) and the connection if fundamentally arbitrary

Front 318

What does the Bouba-Kiki effect show?

Back 318

Sound symbolism: the idea that the sound of a word corresponds in some kind of way to meaning

Front 319

What were the patterns in sound meaning connections across thousands of languages that Blasi et al. Found?

Back 319

Little - i

Full - p or b

Front 320

Which brand or ketchup was suggested to be thicker in Klinks study?

Back 320

Nodax

Hint 320

Nidax or Nodax

Front 321

What is this?

Back 321

A syntactic tree

Front 322

What are bound morphemes

Back 322

Parts of words that can't stand on their own e.g. -s in dogs

Front 323

Evidence words are broken into parts

Back 323

The wug test

Front 324

What are the 2 parts of the mental lexicon?

Back 324

Full listing (all words have to be looked up, all of them stored)

Full parsing (all words must be decomposed into elements, computation)

Front 325

According to Pinker, idiosyncratic words are stored or computed?

Back 325

Stored

Hint 325

E.g. find -> found

Front 326

According to Pinker, fully transparent words are stored or computed?

Back 326

Computed

Hint 326

E.g. walk -> walked

Front 327

What is it called when a word is used often (e.g. a compound word like homework) so that it's stored as a word

Back 327

Lexicalisation

Front 328

What does constituent mean?

Back 328

Being a part of a whole

Front 329

How to study storage vs computation in words

Back 329

Split up compound words into consistuents e.g. homework, home and work

Measure response time to word and see if there is a change between whole-compound frequency and constituent frequency

Front 330

What did Andrews, Miller and Rayers eye tracking with compound words show?

Back 330

Evidence of both lexicalisation and decomposition - dual route

Front 331

What did Marantz suggest on morphemes?

Back 331

All words are stored in pieces

Front 332

What did Kuperman et al suggest for compound word storage/computation

Back 332

Probabilistic multiple route model

Interaction between whole-compound and constituent frequencies- integration of multiple strategies

Front 333

What is a maximally expressive language?

Back 333

Having a different word for every unique event, thing, person, action etc

Front 334

What is the principle or parsimony

Back 334

Getting the most use out of the smaller number of units

Front 335

What is language economy?

Back 335

Getting a balance between expressiveness and efficiency

Front 336

Issue with efficiency in language

Back 336

Ambiguity

Front 337

What are garden path sentences?

Back 337

The "default" reading of the ambiguous section doesn't turn out to be the right reading by the end of the sentence

E.g. queen mother tried to help abuse girl

Front 338

Definition of language

Back 338

A system of symbols and rules that enable us to communicate

Front 339

What is embodied cognition?

Back 339

The experience of living, sensing and perceiving the world fundamentally informs our conception if it

Not a brain in a jar

Front 340

Lakoff and Johnson suggested our embodied concepts underlie thought and language through what?

Back 340

Conceptual Metaphors

Front 341

What concepts have vertical orientations?

Back 341

Self esteem

Power

Mortality

Happiness

Divinity

Hint 341

Good is up

Front 342

What did Pecher et al find on conceptual location

Back 342

Conceptual location of the word in space actually slowed them down if ppts expected where the word would be based on the embodied concept of things being either above or below you

Hint 342

'Is it found in the sky'

'Is it found in the ocean'

Front 343

What did Pulvermüller find on embodied cognition?

Back 343

Applied TMS (stimulation) to motor region for arm or leg

Faster lexical decisions for leg related words if leg region stimulated (same for arms)

Language not modular or abstract bit integrated part of experience

Front 344

What did Zwaan and Pecher find our sensory info being simulated?

Back 344

Ppts read a sentence implying a particular colour, (stopped in woods to pick leaf from tree)

Then shown picture of leaf either matching context or mismatching, asked if object appeared in sentence

Ppts were slower if didn't match

Hint 344

Leaf

Front 345

What did Connell and Lynott (2009) find on sensory info being simulated?

Back 345

Ppts read a sentence implying a particular colour for the target, bear in woods, bear in north pole

Stroop kind of test, say colour of the word (bear)

Woods in brown is quickest (north pole in brown or white v similar)

Colour we expect something to be is automatically evoked by language

Hint 345

Bear

Method and findings n all

Front 346

What does linguistic relativity mean?

Back 346

Features of language influence/bias patterns of thought

Front 347

What is linguistic determinism?

Back 347

Features of a language determine/constrain patterns of thought

Front 348

From what theory does linguistic relativity and linguistic determinism come from?

Back 348

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Hint 348

Hypothesis

Front 349

Issue with linguistic deterninism

Back 349

If your language doesnt have a word for something, doesn't mean you cannot understand it

Front 350

What did Whorf suggest?

Back 350

Hopi has no words, grammatical forms, construction or expression that refer to time so has no general notion or intuition of time as a smooth flowing continuum of it

Front 351

Counterargument of Whorf

Back 351

Malotki created a 600 page discourse on grammar of time in Hopi showing Whorf is wrong

Front 352

What is the circulatory in Whorf?

Back 352

People who speak dif languages think differently

How do we know they think differently?

Because their languages are different

Front 353

2 studies on linguistic relativity

Back 353

Colour categories

Who dunnit? (Break vase)

Hint 353

No names needed

Front 354

What is the tribe whose colour categories were examined?

Back 354

Berinmo tribe of New Guinea

Front 355

Who studied the Berinmo tribe

Back 355

Roberson et al

Front 356

How many colours do the Berinmo tribe have terms for?

Back 356

5

Front 357

How many colour terms to England have

Back 357

11

Front 358

What did the who dunnit? task show

Back 358

For accidents, English speakers use more agentive descriptions (she broke) than Spanish and remember the correct actor more frequently than Spanish

Hint 358

Language

Front 359

What is it called when both languages are active even when only 1 being used

Back 359

Joint activation

Front 360

What is it called when both languages are active even when only 1 being used

Back 360

Joint activation

Front 361

What does parsimonious in relation to language

Back 361

Language system has a lot of info to manage and needs to chose which things to pay attention to/which to simplify/go into detail in order to communicate

Front 362

What are cognates

Back 362

A words than means the same thing in two different languages

E.g. piano is piano in english and spanish

Front 363

What is an interlingual homograph

Back 363

"A false friends" A word that has the same forms but means different things in dif languages

E.g. pie is foot in spanish

Front 364

Test on dutch and english words for joint activation

Back 364

Bilinguals lexical decisions - (is this a word Y or N)

Faster for cognates

Slower for interlingual homographs when the pronounciation was different

Monolinguists no effect

Front 365

What are interlingual homophones

Back 365

Words that sound similar and share spelling but different meanings

Front 366

What did the study on homophones and joint activation show

Back 366

Influence of the second language also extends to auditory domain (not only visual processing)

Front 367

What is the ERP evidence for simultaneous language use

Back 367

When asked about English words, chinese-english bilinguals had no behavioural differences but changes in N400 ERP signal indexing semantic priming

So chinese word accessed as well (despite only english word being asked about)

Front 368

What did the study on sign language and join activation do?

Back 368

ASL/English bilinguals asked to just whether 2 written english words were similar, some of these word pairs had ASL signs with similar forms

Front 369

What did the study on sign language and joint activation show

Back 369

Judgements were faster when words related and signs were similar

Judgements were slower when words unrelated and signs were similar

Front 370

What is the sign language and joint activation study evidence of

Back 370

That joint activation also occurs crossmodally, visual/gestural vs auditory/spoken, doesnt matter how people are communicating

Front 371

What is the term for intentionally switching between languages

Back 371

Code switching

Front 372

What asked to do code switching, does your first or second language have more of an effect on you first/second language

Back 372

Second language has more of an effect on the first

Front 373

Are monolinguals or bilinguals better at verbal fluency tasks (name a word starting with a particular letter)

Back 373

Mono

Front 374

What is the effect shown on bilinguals in a verbal fluency task

Back 374

When bilinguals asked to name a word starting with a particular letter from their 2nd Lang first, they were slower to do same task after but in their 1st lang

Front 375

What does the verbal fluency task show in code switching

Back 375

Global (whole-language) vs local (lexical-item) inhibition

Different levels at play

Front 376

What 3 cog domains or tasks may bilinguals be better at

Back 376

Executive functuon/inhibitory control

ToM

Memory

Front 377

What 2 things are bilingual children better at

Back 377

Finding embedded figures

Identifying correct grammar in odd sentences

Front 378

What 2 things are bilingual children better at

Back 378

Finding embedded figures

Identifying correct grammar in odd sentences

Front 379

What 2 things are bilingual children better at

Back 379

Finding embedded figures

Identifying correct grammar in odd sentences

Front 380

What 2 tasks are adults better at

Back 380

Stroop task

Simon task

Front 381

How can the enhanced inhibitory control be disadvantageous

Back 381

Trilingual ppts asking to name numbers in patter Eng/Ger/Eng, slower vs Eng/Ger/Fre

Require gloabal inhibition of Eng

Negative priming slow response

Front 382

Evidence of bilingual performance on ToM

Back 382

Bilingual children better on both ToM tasks - standard false belief task and modified to mimic language switch scenario

Front 383

What is the evidence on memory for bilinguals

Back 383

Mixed

Front 384

How long does it take for bilingual and monolingual children to gain a vocab or 50 words

Back 384

About 1.5 years

Front 385

What is receptive vocabulary

Back 385

Words you understand

Front 386

Whats the dif in receptive vocabulary between monolingual and bilingual children

Back 386

Monolingual know more

(Only home words, not words from school)

Front 387

Difference in lexical retrieval in bilinguals and monolinguals

Back 387

Bilinguals slower and experience more tip of the tongue states

Front 388

Are BSL and ASL mutually intelligible to british and amercian English?

Back 388

No

Front 389

How is phonology shown in sign language (4 ways)

Back 389

The form or configuration taken on by the hand

The orientation in the hand takes on while making the sign

The location the sign is performed

The movement the hand describes

Front 390

What are minimal pairs in spoken language

Back 390

2 words that differ by only 1 sound e.g. pat bat

Front 391

Does ASL have minimal pairs?

Back 391

Yes

Front 392

How do babies exposed to sign language act?

Back 392

Babble as they would with speech exposure babies do with sound

Front 393

What is obligatory for grammatical communications in sign?

Back 393

Particular facial expressions

Front 394

What does using facial expressions in sign lead to?

Back 394

Enhanced facial discrimination ability

Front 395

Are sign languages gestures or pantomime

Back 395

No, but contain iconic elements e.g. the sign to forget

Front 396

Whats the differences between associators and projectors in colour synaesthetes

Back 396

Associators: in the minds eye

Projectors: in the visual field, have experience of perceiving colours

Front 397

Understanding if the colours perceived in colour synaesthetes are randoj or are dimensions of colour mapped onto language is interesting for what 2 things

Back 397

Both individual letters (graheme processing)

Whole words (lexical processing)

Front 398

Are there trends in colour letter associations

Back 398

Yes for synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes

Front 399

Evidence for colours being associated to letters being learnt

Back 399

The apple hypothesis, some influence of the language you are exposed to as a child and what associations you make as an adult

Front 400

What did a cross-linguistic study find on colour synaesthesia

Back 400

First letter in alphabet is red

Front 401

What is prosody

Back 401

Stress, length, intonation

Front 402

If the first consonant is R, what colour is the word seen as

Back 402

Purple

Front 403

If the first vowel in A what colour will the word be

Back 403

Red

Front 404

How can you change the colour of a word with 2 syllables with dif vowels

Back 404

Stress the dif syllable

Front 405

How can synaesthesia be used to study lexicalisation

Back 405

Compound words

1 colour = lexicalised

2 colours = consistuents, decomposed

Depends on freq = freq-based lexicalisation

Front 406

What was found in compound words for synaesthetes?

Back 406

Synaesthetes reported more 1 colour compounds in high frequency words

Front 407

Who created the Multistore model of memory

Back 407

Atkinson and shiffrin, 1971

Front 408

What store holds visual info

Back 408

Iconic

Front 409

What store holds auditory info

Back 409

Echoic

Front 410

What store holds touch info

Back 410

Haptic

Front 411

Evidence for capacity of STM

Back 411

Miller's 7+/-2

Front 412

Evidence for MMM

Back 412

Patient KF suffered brain damage due to road accident

Digit span of 2 in STM, but intact LTM and learning intact

Support for separate stores

Front 413

Evidence against MMM

Back 413

KF could retrieve and encode LTM,

Contradicts idea that STS used for processing memory and storage

Front 414

Who created the Working Memory Model

Back 414

Baddeley and Hitch, 1974

Front 415

4 components of the WMM

Back 415

Central executive

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Phonological loop

Episodic buffer (added later Baddeley, 2000)

Front 416

What are the 2 components in the phonological loop

Back 416

Phonological store

Articulatory rehearsal process

Front 417

Difference between phonological store and articulatory rehearsal process

Back 417

Store is inner ear, speech maintained through rehearsal

Articulatory rehearsal process is inner voice, converts written words to auditory, maintains auditory info through rehearsal

Front 418

4 key evidence for phonological loop

Back 418

Phonological similarity effect

Irrelevant speech effect

Word length effect

Articulatory suppression

Front 419

What is the phonological similarity effect

Back 419

Baddeley 1966

Memory for phonologicallg similar consonants/words inferior to phonologically dissimilar consonants or words

Same for auditory and visual presentation of stimuli - showing storage in phonological way

Front 420

What is the irrelevant speech effect

Back 420

Memory for visually presented consonants or digits is impaired by the simultaneous presentation of speech

Shows both using same system: visual converted to phonological code

Front 421

What is the word length effect

Back 421

Baddeley, Thomson, Buchanan

Memory for short (1 syllable words) better than memort for long (5 syllable words)

Showing limited capacity ~ 2 seconds

Also linked to speech rate, the quicker we can vocalise items, the more items we can rehearse within 2 secs

Front 422

What is articulatory suppression

Back 422

Baddeley, Thomson and Buchanan

Memory is impaired when ppts required to simultaneously repeat a word out loud

Also phonological similarity effect for visually presented info also disappears when ppts simultaneously repeat a word out loud

Front 423

Evidence for dual tasks

Back 423

Digital span impaired by verbal but not a version secondary task

Visual span impaired by a visual, but not a verbal secondary task

Front 424

3 evidence for a visuo-spatial sketchpad

Back 424

Corsi-block tapping task

Phillips matrix task

Brain damage patients

Front 425

What is the Corsi block tapping task

Back 425

Experimenter taps out a sequence on 9 randomly arranged blocks, ppt then copies

Front 426

What was found in the Corsi block tapping task

Back 426

Spatial memory declines with the sequence size and can be used to measure ppts spatial memory span

Shows limited capacity for spatial memory

Front 427

What is the Phillips Matrix task

Back 427

Ppts recall locations of a pattern of coloured cells in a grid

Front 428

What dies the Phillips Matrix task show

Back 428

Visual memory declines with the number of cells that a ppt has to remember and can be used to measure visual memory span

Shows limited capacity for visual memory

Front 429

What do brain damage patients show for the visuospatial sketchpad

Back 429

Separate working systems as some patients impaired at corsi task (impaired spatial), with intact visual span (philips matrix), others vice versa

Front 430

4 jobs of the central executive

Back 430

Focus attention

Divide attention among tasks

Switch attention from 1 task to another

Interface with LTM

Front 431

Evidence for central executive

Back 431

Numerous observations that dual tasks (even for noncompeting tasks) show impaired performace compaired to single tasks

Front 432

4 issues with WM (before episodic buffer)

Back 432

Articulatory suppression reduces, but doesn't eliminate digit span for visual stimuli

Some LTM amnesiacs show immediate recall for complex info, beyond limited capacity of existing storage units

It is unclear how info from different modalities and from LTM is bound and stored

It is unclear how rehearsal operates outside of articulatory rehearsal

Front 433

Role of episodic buffer

Back 433

Limited capacity for "chunks" or episodes

Integrates info from different modalities and LTM

Front 434

What are the next steps for WM (5)

Back 434

Distinguish boundaries of dif storage systems within working memory and from executive functions

To distinguish boundaries of episodic buffer from LT episodic memory

To better understand processes responsible for chunking

To distinguish binding within episodic buffer from perceptual binding

To better understand the role of the episodic buffer in consciousness

Front 435

Which of declarative or non declarative ltm is implicit

Back 435

Non declarative

Front 436

4 types of non declarative LTM

Back 436

Procedural

Priming

Associative learning

Non-associative learning (reflex)

Front 437

Where in the brain is episodic and semantic ltm associated with

Back 437

Medial and lateral temporal lobe

Front 438

Where in the brain is procedural ltm associated to

Back 438

Striatum

Front 439

Where in the brain is priming associated to

Back 439

Cortex

Front 440

Where in the brain is associative learning associated to

Back 440

Amygdala

Cerebellum

Front 441

Evidence of dissociation between semantic and episodic memory

Back 441

MTL patients damage in medial temporal lobes have impaired episodic, intact semantic

SD (semantic dementia) patients damage in neocortex, intact episodic impaired semantic

Front 442

What is the 2 ways episodic and semantic memory are interdependent

Back 442

Semantic knowledge can facilitate episodic memory performance

Impaired episodic impacts acquisition of new semantic memories

Front 443

How can semantic knowledge facilitate episodic memory performance

Back 443

Ppts better able to identify previously presented food prices was better if prices consistent with semantic knowledge

MTL patients with intact semantic performed same as ^, if impaired, showed no benefit of consistent semantic prices

Front 444

Theories of the interdepence of episodic and semantic memory

Back 444

Episodic is embedded in semantic (tulving) [H/ episodic info influences semantic memory]

Semantic mems abstracted from episodic when contextual info is lost (differs across repititions

Episodic are semantic mems binded to contextual info

Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis: episodic mems can be combined constructively and flexible to imagine future scenarios, drawing on semantic knowledge

Front 445

What is the remember-know paradigm

Back 445

Suggests things we remember is episodic whereas know is semantic memory

Front 446

Whats a study on the remember-to-know shift

Back 446

Studente were given remember know task based on selection of exam qs

Remember responses declines over 3 years but know (semantic) responses remained constant

Front 447

2 models on semantic memory

Back 447

Hierarchical/semantic network model

Spreading activation model

Front 448

3 types of priming

Back 448

Repitition priming (prior exposure to stimuli will facilitate retrieval of it)

Perceptual priming (priming in tasks requiring the process of surface or perceptual info)

Conceptual priming (priming in tasks requiring the process of senantic info

Front 449

5 perceptual implicit memory tasks that priming helps

Back 449

Word fragment completion

Word-stem completion (re_ _ _)

Anagram solution

Word identification (did word appear)

Lexical decision tasks (word or non word)

Front 450

3 conceptual implicit memory tasks priming helps with

Back 450

Word association (asked to give a word associated to given word)

Category instance generation (given category and asked to give e.g.)

General knowledge questions

Front 451

Which priming task do amnesiacs have impaired performance on

Back 451

Word association

Front 452

What is memory consolidation

Back 452

Strengthening info in LTM

Front 453

Retrieval is enhanced by what level of processing

Back 453

Deeper (e.g. meaningful) over shallow (e.g. physical characteristics)

Front 454

Recall in enhanced by what 6 deeper processes

Back 454

Embesding words in complex sentences

Creating visual mental imagery

Self-reference (does this word desribe you?)

Generating info - generate words related to given word

Organisation - into categories

The testing effect: learn info by testing yourself

Front 455

3 issues with the levels of processing theory

Back 455

Difficult to define depth of processing: processing is deep when memory performance is better (circular reasoning)

Descriptive rather than explanatory

Doesn't take into account relevance of the processing method to the memory test

Front 456

Godden and baddeleys underwater study is an example of what

Back 456

Encoding specificity princle

Front 457

Another example of encoding specificity principle

Back 457

Grant et al, learning silent vs noisy, test silent vs noisy

Front 458

One study on state dependent encoding

Back 458

Fich and Metchalfe

Encoding/test when happy/sad

Front 459

5 influences on encoding

Back 459

Encoding specificity principle

State-dependent encoding

Transfer appropriate processing

Spacing effect

Sleep

Front 460

What is transfer appropriate processing

Back 460

Retrieval is enhanced if memory test is consistent with the method of encoding e.g. semantic/rhyming encoding, standard recognition test/rhyming recognition test

Front 461

What is the spacing effect on encoding

Back 461

Spacing encoding sessions over time enhances retrieval

Front 462

How does sleep affect encoding

Back 462

Sleep shortly after encoding enhance retrieval

Front 463

2 theories of amnesia

Back 463

Encoding deficit

Retrieval deficit

Front 464

Issue with the encoding deficit

Back 464

Explains retrograde amnesia as an ongoing encoding deficit H/ can be sudden onset

Front 465

Issue with retreival deficit

Back 465

Inability to retrieve memories not supported by differing levels of retrograde and antrograde amnesia, sometimes isolated cases of each

Front 466

What are the 2 stages to the standard theory of consolidation

Back 466

1. Initial memory trace is created within a few secs

2. Over several years the memory trace is strengthened by further consolidation involving the hippocampus

Front 467

How can the standard theory of consolidation explain amnesia

Back 467

Retrograde amnesia of 2-3yrs in some patients with predominantly anterograde amnesia (e.g. HM) is due to impairment to consolidation by hippocampus

Front 468

What is another theory of consolidation

Back 468

Multiple trace theory

Front 469

What is the multiple trace theory

Back 469

Over time, episodic memories are converted to semantic memories via hippocampus

Episodic mem retrieval dependent on hippocampus

Semantic is not

Front 470

Which theory for memory consolidation is the best

Back 470

Evidence is inconclusive

Front 471

What is the temporal gradient in amnesia

Back 471

Retrograde amnesia often presents with better memory for older mems than more recent ones

Front 472

What 4 things are preserved in amnesiacs

Back 472

Procedural

Repetition priming

Know

Semantic

Front 473

When is there a reminiscence bump?

Back 473

Adolescence and young adulthood

Front 474

What are 3 hypothesis to the reminiscence bump

Back 474

Self-image hypothesis

Cognitive hypothesis

Cultural life script hypothesis

Hint 474

Just names

Front 475

What is the self image hypothesis to the reminiscence bump

Back 475

Memories linked to events important to development of self image

Front 476

What is the cognitive hypothesis to the reminiscence bump

Back 476

Memories enhanced for period of many life changes followed by stable period

Front 477

What is the cultural life script hypothesis

Back 477

Enhanced memories for events consistent with culturally expected events

Front 478

What are flashbulb memories?

Back 478

Memories for when we first hear about a highly emotional event e.g. 9/11

Detailed and vivid

Persistent over time

Front 479

2 evidence on the accuracy on flashbulb memories

Back 479

Neisser and Harsch: peoples memories after 1 day and 2.5 to 3 years later of Challenger disaster showed discrepancies

Talarico and Rubin: decrease in accurate memories and increase in inaccurate memories to both everyday and 9/11 memories same rate, H/ people believe more accurate in 9/11 than everyday

Front 480

2 explanations for flashbulb memories

Back 480

Emotional info enhances the subjective perception of remembering

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis: emotional info undergoes repeated rehearsal

Front 481

Evidence for emotional info enhancing subjective perception of remembering

Back 481

People remember negative pictures over neutral pictures H/ less likely to remember frame colour if negative

Front 482

Evidence for narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Back 482

Over 40% ppts reported seeing non-existent video footage of Princess Diana's fatal car crash

Front 483

What does the war of the ghosts show

Back 483

That memory is constructive

Front 484

Other evidence for memory being constructive

Back 484

Source monitoring errors/misattributions e.g. gendered statements, becoming famous overnight: seeing infamous names led to sense of familiarity

Front 485

What are proactive interefence

Back 485

Memories before an event interfering with retrieval of memories of that events

Acts forwards in time

Front 486

What is retroactive interefence

Back 486

New info acquired after an event interfere with retrieval of memories of that event

Act back in time

Misleading qs

Front 487

Misinformation effect evidence

Back 487

Loftus and Palmer

Smashed = 41mph

Hit = 34mph

Front 488

What is evidence of source monitoring

Back 488

Ppts watched a vid of either male or female teacher reading to students, then watched of vid of female teacher being robbed

Ppts who viewed the male teacher video often selected him as the robber from a selection of photos

Front 489

What is the link between quicker intuitive decisions and satisfaction with decisions

Back 489

Choosing poster

Deliberated decisions reported higher satisfaction immediately after

Quick decisions reported higher satisfaction 1 month later

Front 490

What did Gladwell suggest about decisions on relationships

Back 490

People could decide if relationships would last based on short clips

Front 491

What did Gladwell find on doctors and decisions

Back 491

Could decide if docs would be sued for malpractice

Info about training not useful

Front 492

What did Gladwell find on doctors and decisions

Back 492

Could decide if docs would be sued for malpractice

Info about training not useful

Front 493

What did William james make distinctions between

Back 493

Associative thought

Reasoning

Front 494

What is system 1 thinking

Back 494

Fast, automatic, little or no effort, no voluntary control

Front 495

Which thinking is the feeling if agency and might be identified with the self

Back 495

2

Front 496

Which thinking is when we are awake

Back 496

System 1

Front 497

What does the Wasons selection task show

Back 497

People quick to decide/driven by what told about the task - evidence of system 1

Cognitive neuropsychology shows dif brain regions involved

Front 498

7 unconscious influences on system 1

Back 498

Unscramble elderly words leads to walking slower

Walking slowly primes words about elderly

Pencil in mouth vs teeth increase amusement

Vote for increased funding at achool if voting station in school

Subtle money primes make people more individualistic and selfish

Lying on phone leads to preference of mouthwash over soap, vice versa for email

Pics of faces vs flowers sig ^d money out into honest box

Front 499

What is the mere exposure effect (Zajonc)

Back 499

Preference for things just because they are familiar

Front 500

Does a good mood increase or decrease taking things at face value

Back 500

Increase, depressed think more analytically

Front 501

What is the halo effect and which system does it relate to

Back 501

The tendency for an impression created in 1 area to influence opinion in a dif area e.g. height - leader

System 1

Front 502

What is aschs primacy effect

Back 502

Things at beginning of a list recalled more

Alan intelligent... envious

Ben envious... intelligent

Front 503

What does WYSIATI stand for

Back 503

What you see is all there is

Front 504

Who suggested WYSIATI

Back 504

Kahneman

Front 505

What does WYSIATI explain

Back 505

Overconfidence

Framing

Base-rate neglect

Front 506

Issue with system 2

Back 506

Lazy

Front 507

What is ego depletion

Back 507

Doing a difficult task has consequences afterwards

Front 508

Evidence of system 2 being lazy

Back 508

Danzinger et al., parole judges default to "easy" option of denying parole before food breaks

Maths qs, chose easy most obvious (but wrong) answer when in a good mood or not thinking hard

Front 509

How do system 1 and 2 interact

Back 509

Substitution

Front 510

What is the term for our likes and dislikes determining our beliefs

Back 510

The Affect Heuristic

Front 511

Evidence for the role of the affect heuristic

Back 511

Impaired affect associated with impaired decision making

Front 512

What is magical thinking (e.g.)

Back 512

Where system 2 doesn't question system 1 e.g. contagion - would you wear hitlers sweater?

Front 513

What are the 2 selves

Back 513

The experienced self

The remembering self

Front 514

What are the 2 meanings of utility

Back 514

Experiences utility (e.g. hedonic vs hedonistic plessure/pain, Bentham and Utilitarianism)

Decision utility (wants desires based on memory and projection)

Front 515

What 2 things were retrospective judgements based on for colonoscopies and 1 thing they neglected

Back 515

Based on worst moment and end moment

Duration neglect

Front 516

What did the cold pressor experiment show on judgement

Back 516

If the water slightly warmer at the end for an extra 30 seconds, dont remember it as bad as without - chose to repeat with extra 30 seconds

Front 517

What is the James Dean effect

Back 517

Ratings of total happiness of life were independent of total duration but strongly affected by the last 5 worse years

Neglect of duration, averaging

Front 518

Large scale study on the experiencing self

Back 518

Measures of Experienced Well-Being (EWB)

Front 519

Large scale study on remembering

Back 519

Measures of (usually retrospective) evaluation of a whole life or part of it

E.g. the Cantril Self-Anchoring Striving Scale

Front 520

Difference of EWB and life evaluation of education

Back 520

Increases life evaluation but may decrease EWB because of stress

Front 521

What 3 thing primarily affect EWB

Back 521

Ill health

Religion

Having kids

Front 522

What increases life eval

Back 522

Wealth

Front 523

What are the 3 Kahneman and Tversky heuristics

Back 523

Anchoring and Adjustment

Availability

Representativeness

Front 524

What is the law of small numbers

Back 524

People take small samples to provice accurate estimates just as large samples do, but they yield extreme results nore often than large samples do

Front 525

What is the misperceptions of randomness

Back 525

It does not imply uniformity

Front 526

What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Back 526

People use a specific target number or value as a starting point, known as an achnor, and subsequently adjusts that info

Front 527

What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Back 527

People use a specific target number or value as a starting point, known as an achnor, and subsequently adjusts that info

Front 528

Whats an example of the anchoring or adjustment heuristic

Back 528

Wheel of fortune rigged to stop at 10 or 65

Ppts asked whether the proportion of nations in the UN that are African is smaller or bigger than that number, then asked to estimate

10 = 25%

65 = 45%

Correct = 30

Front 529

If adjustment is a deliberate process, what system is this

Back 529

2

Front 530

What is a real world example of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Back 530

Estate agent valuing real properties with high and low anchors showed anchoring, showed anchoring effect (distance between final estimates) of 40%

Front 531

What is the availability heuristic

Back 531

Mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision

Based on retrieval of memory

Ease of recall

Front 532

What is the availability heuristic an example of

Back 532

Substitution of questions

(How common translates to how easily can i think of examples)

Front 533

What is the famous name demonstration of the availability heuristic

Back 533

In a balanced list of names, ppts believed there were more women (or men) if the women (or men) are more famous

Front 534

2 examples of domestics in the availability heuristic

Back 534

People tend to overestimate their relative contribution to household chores

People also overestimate their contribution to causing arguments

Front 535

What is a wrinkle on the availability heuristic lol

Back 535

If ppts asked to list 6 or 12 instances of recent situations, those that are asked for more tend to find it harder and end up believing the opposite (that the situ happens less than in 6 instance condition)

Front 536

What is the representativeness heuristic

Back 536

Make a judgement of whether something is of a certain kind by how well it fits with your prototype or stereotype of what they are like

Based on judgements of similarity

Front 537

What experiment is linked to the representativeness

Back 537

Tom W experiments

Computer science or humanities

Much more likely to be humanities, base rate

Chose to ignore what they do know - base rate

Base judgement on how well descriptions of Tom W fit typical grad student for computer science (even tho told info is crap) over how likely he would be based on base rates

Front 538

What are the 2 problems with using representativeness

Back 538

Ignoring base rates

Using poor (or even useless) info

Front 539

What is the conjunction fallacy

Back 539

The Linda problem

Linda is a bank teller or bank teller and active in the feminist movement

Front 540

Less is more example

Back 540

2 dinner sets, 1 with same as other and a few more good items and a few broken items

People put off by broken things

Front 541

Study in base rates vs casual stories

Back 541

The blue green cab stories

Front 542

What is hindsight bias

Back 542

Knew-it-all-along effect

Inclination to see event as having been predictable, despite there having been little or no objective bias for predicting it

Front 543

Whats the illusion of understanding

Back 543

We believe our narrarives explain what happened and that we understand the world

Front 544

What is outcome bias

Back 544

Events judged by their actual outcome, not whether the decisions were good ones when they were made

Front 545

What is the illusion of validity

Back 545

Overestimating ability to interpret and predict accurately the outcome when analysing data (specifically when data shows pattern)

E.g. assessing the potential of recruits in Army - confident but judgements little better than useless

Front 546

What is the illusion of skill

Back 546

Some experts are not experts

Front 547

2 examples of experts not being experts

Back 547

Stock trades by brokers

Political pundits (ppl offering opinion to mass media)

Front 548

Are clinical or statistical predictions better (Meehl)

Back 548

Statistical does better in ~60% of cases

Front 549

2 Dawes-type examples of predictions using multiple regression

Back 549

Marital stability (love making and quarrels)

The Apgar test for worryingly poor breathing in newborns (rate 5 criteria and add up)

Front 550

What are the 2 crucial conditions that allow for intuition to work well/better

Back 550

Regular environments (make judgements and get feedback)

Practice in those environments

Front 551

3 negative outcomes of optimistic bias

Back 551

Planning fallacy (underestimate time needed)

Belief in a Benign World (kind)

Belief in the Ability to Forecast Future

Front 552

3 positive outcomes of optimistic bias

Back 552

Tend to do better in life

Be more influential

Be healthier

Front 553

What theory says weight the attributes according to their importance and combine the values of each object on each attribute to get an overall utility

Back 553

Multi attribute utility theory

Front 554

What does homo economicus mean

Back 554

Attempting to maximise utility using rational assessments

Front 555

What is marginal utility

Back 555

The satisfaction

Value of a fixed sum of money decreases as the amount it is added to increases

Front 556

How is the prospect theory a tweak of the utility theory

Back 556

Takes the normative theory (prescriptive based on assumptions) and changes it into a descriptive theory

Front 557

What does the utility theory lack

Back 557

Reference point of the status quo

(Jack n Jill have £5M, yesterday Jack had 1, Jill had 9, whos happier)

Front 558

What is the crucial assumption of prospect theory

Back 558

Outcomes should be defined in terms of gains and losses, not absolute utility levels

Front 559

What does golf putts show for loss aversion

Back 559

People doing a bit better (3.6%) if trying to avoid a loss (par) rather than seen as a gain (birdie)

Front 560

Which framing is better in gambling

Back 560

Broad, wider view - long term benefit over loss

Front 561

For gains/losses, when are people risk seeking/averse where the uncertain gains/losses are high probability

Back 561

Risk averse for gains

Risk seeking for losses

Hint 561

E.g. £900 for sure or 90% chance of £100

Front 562

For gains/losses, when are people risk seeking/averse where the uncertain gains/losses are low probability

Back 562

Risk seeking for gains

Risk averse for losses

Hint 562

E.g. £9 for sure or 0.9% chance of £1000

Front 563

What is the name of this

Back 563

The fourfold pattern

Front 564

5 other deviations from the normative theory

Back 564

The endowment effect

Probabilities

Allais paradox

Mental accounting

Framing

Front 565

5 other deviations from the normative theory

Back 565

The endowment effect

Probabilities

Allais paradox

Mental accounting

Framing

Front 566

What is the endowment effect

Back 566

Effect of ownership - people demand much more to give up object than they would be willing to pay to require it

Front 567

What does the endowment effect contradict

Back 567

Coase theorem - ppls willingness to pay rqual to willingness to accept

Front 568

Do you see the endowment effect in market transitions

Back 568

No, no special attachment

Front 569

In study of mug selling/bidding what was the difference in selling price

Back 569

Selling price approx 2x bid price

Front 570

Are decision weights equal to probabilities according to Prospect theory?

Back 570

No, losses and gains transfer probabilities into decision weights

Front 571

What are the distortions of probabilities?

Back 571

Sometimes v small probabilities are ignored

If not, they are overweighted

Front 572

Is the prospect theory faulted by the allais paradox?

Back 572

No

Front 573

Is the mental accounting study, are people more likely to buy another ticket if they lost 10$ or the 10$ ticket

Back 573

10$

Front 574

What is mental accounting

Back 574

People allocate resources into different accounts

Front 575

What is the sunk cost fallacy

Back 575

Your decisions are tainted by the emotional investments you accumulate

Front 576

What is the framing effect

Back 576

Decide on options based on if the options are presented with positive or negative semantics

E.g. accept gamble with a 10% chance to win £95, 90% to lose £5 or pay £5 for lottery ticket...

Front 577

What problem is an example of the framing effect

Back 577

The asian flu problem

Front 578

What does the asian flu problem show

Back 578

People prefer sure for good outcomes, but chose risky for bad outcomes as predicted by prospect theory

Front 579

What did Gigerenzer argue about how argue is presented to overcome bad judgements

Back 579

People are better at dealing with absolute frequency info rather than probabilities or proportions (misleading)

Front 580

Where particular does Gigerenzer suggest probabilities and frequencies are misleading

Back 580

Diagnosis

Front 581

What are the 4 strands of work on the psychology of thinking

Back 581

Judgement and decision making

(Deductive) reasoning

Problem solving and expertise

Creativity

Front 582

How can you make the Wasons selection task easier?

Back 582

Make the rule a social rule e.g. if a newspaper is taken money must be payed

Paper

No £

No paper

Money

Front 583

What bias do people show in reasoning

Back 583

Belief

Generate or accept conclusiojs that link terms in the problem to form sentences that conform to pre-existing beliefs, even if conclusions dont really follow