2-1, Vascular Tree, Usman Year One Glasgow Uni

Front 1

what are the 3 layers of arteries and veins (starting with the inner most layer and moving outward)

Back 1

tunica intima

(basement membrane)

tunica media

tunica adventitia/externa

Front 2

what are the 2 layers present in a capillary tube (starting with the innermost layer and moving outward)

Back 2

basement membrane

endothelium

Front 3

describe the tunica intima

Back 3

A single layer of squamous epithelium

Front 4

what is the function of the tunica intima

Back 4

Provides a smooth, friction- reducing lining for the vessel.

Front 5

describe the tunica media

Back 5

it is made of smooth muscle and connective tissue (primarily elastic fibres)

Front 6

what is the function of the tunica media

Back 6

the smooth muscle is activated by the sympathetic nervous system;

(Vasoconstriction and vasodilation)

The elastic fibers stretch and then passively recoil

Front 7

describe the tunica exeterna/adventitia

Back 7

The outermost layer, made of fibrous connective tissue

Front 8

what is the function of the tunica adventitia/externa

Back 8

Protective and supporting layer

Front 9

what is the thickest of the layer of the blood vessels?

Back 9

tunica media

Front 10

what is an anastosome

Back 10

reconnection of two streams that previously branched out, such as blood vessels

Front 11

give an anatomical and functional example of an anastosome

Back 11

anatomical --> circle of willis (brain)

functional --> mesenteric vessels (GI tract)

Front 12

define collateral circulation

Back 12

Collateral circulation is the redundant circulation in an area of tissue or an organ that blood can reach by more than one pathway.

Front 13

what causes collateral circulation

Back 13

enlargement of anastosomes

Front 14

are smaller or larger branches more likely to anastosome

Back 14

smaller

Front 15

where is peripheral blood pressure most 'palpable'

Back 15

when an artery pushes against a bone

Front 16

where is the apical pulse

Back 16

just below the nipple

Front 17

where is the popliteal pulse

Back 17

behind knee

Front 18

where is the dorsal pedis pulse

Back 18

foot

Front 19

name 3 things that can go wrong with blood vessels

Back 19

• Atherosclerosis
• Aneurysm
• Thromboembolic

Front 20

define atherosclerosis

Back 20

- “hardening of the arteries”
- General term for several pathological conditions in which walls of arteries

thicken, harden and lose elasticity.

- Most common type of arteriosclerosis charaterised by calcification and

plaque build up

Front 21

what is the current hypothesis for why atherosclerosis is formed

Back 21

--Endothelial injury/dysfunction of vascular wall leads to chronic inflammatory response

--Focal plaques build up within tunica intima with cholesterol and cholesterol esters

--Elevated plasma LDL levels causing the deposition of LDL in the subendothelium of blood vessels

--Activation of endothelial cells

--Recruitment of monocytes/macrophages

--Formation of foam cells – fatty streaks

--Proliferation of smooth muscle cells

--Deposition of extracellular matrix proteins

Front 22

what general size of arteries does atherosclerosis affect

Back 22

medium and large arteries

Front 23

what are the 3 major components of plaque

Back 23

-cellulalar (SMC, macrophages, WBC)

-ECM (collagen, elastin, prostoglandin)

-lipid (cholesterol)

Front 24

what 2 major processes occur in plaque formation

Back 24

-intimal thickening (SMC proliferation and ECM synthesis)

-lipid accumulation

Front 25

what are the non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

Back 25

increasing age

sex

family history

Front 26

what are the modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis

Back 26

• Hyperlipidaemia
• Hypertension
• Cigarette Smoking
• Diabetes
• Obesity
• Pro-thrombotic tendencies

Front 27

when a plaque narrows a lumen, what can this lead to?

Back 27

ischaemia, turbulence

Front 28

what can the weakening of vessel walls lead to

Back 28

aneurysms, rupture

Front 29

what can thrombosis lead to

Back 29

narrowing, ischaemia, embolisation

Front 30

when a plaque breaks loose what can this lead to

Back 30

ahtero-embolisation

Front 31

define aneurysmal disease

Back 31

localised dilation of the affected artery over 50% of the normal diameter

Front 32

in the adventitia/externa what is the main function collagen

Back 32

tensile strength

Front 33

in the tunica media, what is the main role of the elastin

Back 33

recoil capacity

Front 34

list the features of aneurysmal disease

Back 34

– Damage and loss of intima
– Reduction in the elastin and collagen content of the media

– Collagen:tensile strength (adventitia)
– Elastin: recoil capacity (media)

Front 35

what are the risk factors of aneurysmal disease

Back 35

smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia

Front 36

define laplace's law

Back 36

(Tension varies directly with radius when pressure is constant)

The larger the vessel radius, the larger the wall tension required to withstand a given internal fluid pressure

Front 37

what are the main causes of aneurysms

Back 37

Atherosclerotic

Congenital - Marfan’s syndrome, Berry aneurysms

Post-stenotic - Coarctation of the aorta, Cervical rib, Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome

Traumatic - Gunshot, stab wounds, arterial punctures

Inflammatory - Takayasu’s disease, Behcet’s disease

Mycotic - Bacterial endocarditis, syphilis

Front 38

define embolism

Back 38

Embolism is the blockage of a blood vessel by solid, liquid or gas at a site distant from its origin

Front 39

what is a thromboemboli

Back 39

starts of as a thrombus, then a bit breaks off and goes further "downstream" and become an embolism

Front 40

if there is a thrombus in the systemic veins, where is the embolus likely to form

Back 40

the lungs (pulmonary emboli)

Front 41

if there is a thrombus in the heart muscle, where is the embolus likely to form

Back 41

heart --> aorta --> renal, mesenteric, and lower limb arteries

Front 42

if the carotid arteries are atheromatous, where is the embolism likely to form

Back 42

brain

Front 43

if the abdominal aorta is atheromatous, where is the embolism likely to form

Back 43

lower limb arteries

Front 44

which point in the carotid artery is a very common sight of atherosclerosis

Back 44

Common carotid bifurcation (where it splits) is common site of atherosclerosis causing luminal narrowing and potential embolisation to the brain